Australopithecus afarensis (3.7-3.0 Ma) is the earliest known species of the australopith grade in which the adult cranial base can be assessed comprehensively. This region of the adult skull was known from fragments in the 1970s, but renewed fieldwork beginning in

the 1990s at the Hadar site, Ethiopia (3.4-3.0 Ma), recovered two nearly complete crania and major portions of a third, each associated with a mandible. These new specimens confirm that in small-brained, bipedal Australopithecus the foramen magnum and occipital condyles were anteriorly sited, as in humans, but without the foramen’s forward inclination. In the large male A.L. 444-2 this is associated with a short basal axis, compound screening assay a bilateral expansion of the base, and an inferiorly rotated, flexed occipital squama-all derived characters shared by later australopiths and humans. However, in A. L. 822-1 (a female) a more primitive morphology is present: although the foramen and condyles reside anteriorly on a short base, the nuchal lines are very high, the nuchal plane is very steep, and the base is as relatively narrow centrally. A.L. 822-1 illuminates fragmentary specimens in the 1970s Hadar

collection that hint at aspects of this primitive suite, BX-795 suggesting that it is a common pattern in the A. afarensis hypodigm. We explore the implications of these specimens for sexual dimorphism and evolutionary scenarios of functional integration in the hominin cranial base.”
“Background: Separating males and females at the early adult stage did not ensure the virginity of females of Anopheles arabiensis

(Dongola laboratory strain), whereas two years earlier this method had been successful. In most mosquito species, newly emerged males and females are not able to mate successfully. For anopheline species, a period of 24 h post-emergence is generally required for the completion of sexual maturation, which in males includes a 180 rotation of the genitalia. In this study, the possibility of an unusually shortened sexual buy RGFP966 maturity period in the laboratory-reared colony was investigated.

Methods: The effect of two different sex-separation methods on the virginity of females was tested: females separated as pupae or less than 16 h post-emergence were mated with males subjected to various doses of radiation. T-tests were performed to compare the two sex-separation methods. The rate of genitalia rotation was compared for laboratory-reared and wild males collected as pupae in Dongola, Sudan, and analysed by Z-tests. Spermatheca dissections were performed on females mated with laboratory-reared males to determine their insemination status.

Results: When the sex-separation was performed when adults were less than 16 h post-emergence, expected sterility was never reached for females mated with radio-sterilized males.

Sonogram records were reviewed for the presentation of twin A at seven gestational age intervals and inpatient medical records were reviewed for the presentation of twin A at delivery. The positive predictive value, sensitivity, and specificity of presentation as determined

by ultrasound, at each gestational Dinaciclib in vivo age interval, for the same presentation at delivery were calculated. Results: Two hundred and thirty-eight twin pregnancies met inclusion criteria. A total of 896 ultrasounds were reviewed. The positive predictive value of cephalic presentation of twin A as determined by ultrasound for the persistence of cephalic presentation at delivery reached 95% after 28 weeks gestation. The positive predictive value for noncephalic presentation as established by sonogram for noncephalic at delivery was >90% after 32 weeks gestation. Conclusions: The presentation of the first twin at delivery can be determined by sonogram by the 32nd week of gestation in over 90% of twin pregnancies.”
“Major releases of airborne ammonia and hydrogen sulfide from the decomposition of animal waste have the American public concerned about the health of persons near farms. Emissions of these hazardous substances are regulated by the US Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the Emergency Planning and

Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA). Moreover, federal regulatory provisions delineate thresholds for reporting hazardous pollutants being released into the air. Torin 1 inhibitor In 2008, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) adopted a reporting exemption

under which all farms were exempted from reporting air emissions under CERCLA and small farms were exempted under EPCRA. The US EPA’s exemption poses questions about whether the rule is contrary to congressional mandates. Environmental and industry groups have challenged this exemption in federal circuit court, and the judiciary will need to decide whether the agency had authority to adopt the rule. To accord protection to humans from hazardous airborne emissions from farms AZD1080 nmr producing livestock, state agencies may want to adopt scientifically-justified ambient air quality standards. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective: The present study attempts to determine whether developmental thiamine (81 vitamin) deficiency and developmental ethanol exposure disturb eye opening in Wistar rat pups. Methods: During gestation and lactation, Wistar rat dams were exposed to the following treatments : (1) Prenatal thiamine-deficient dams; (2) perinatal thiamine-deficient dams; (3) postnatal thiamine-deficient dams; (4) 12% alcohol/water drinking mothers; (5) mothers drinking 12% alcohol/water + thiamine hydrochloride mixture; (6) ad libitum control dams.

Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren as add-on treatments to standard therapy including the optimal dose of ACEIs or ARBs reduce albuminuria or proteinuria and retard development of renal dysfunction more than placebo. No clinical evidence is available, however, about whether these strategies may influence long-term kidney disease outcomes.

Combined RAAS blockade may be offered only to patients with proteinuric chronic nephropathies who do not achieve full and persistent remission of proteinuria with ACEI or ARB alone. AC220 order They need to be carefully monitored for hyperkalemia and worsening of kidney function. This article reviews an evidence-based approach to use of RAAS-inhibiting agents in kidney diseases, considers combination RAAS blockade treatment strategies and discusses some perspectives related to the implementation of RAAS blockade in renal protection.”
“P>Background:

In adults anesthetized with propofol, muscle relaxants may decrease the Bispectral Index (BIS). The aim of this prospective randomized trial was to detect the influence

of a muscle relaxant bolus on the BIS and the Cerebral State Index (CSI) in children under propofol anesthesia.

Methods:

Forty pediatric patients, age 6.6 +/- 3.3 years, weight 24 +/- 9 kg, scheduled for surgical procedures requiring general anesthesia were enrolled. Two minutes after i.v. injection of 0.3 mcg center dot kg-1 of sufentanil, Anlotinib mouse general anesthesia was induced

by an initial bolus of 3 mg center dot see more kg-1 of propofol, followed by a continuous infusion titrated to achieve a stable BIS value of 50 +/- 5. Patients received either mivacurium 0.25 mg center dot kg-1 (Group Miva) or NaCl 0.9% 0.12 ml center dot kg-1 (Group Control). Mean BIS and CSI values per minute were compared between (Miva vs. Control) and within groups (Baseline vs 5 min. after study drug administration).

Results:

The observed changes in BIS and CSI values before and after administration of study drugs revealed no differences between the study groups. Mean baseline BIS and CSI values were lower than 5 min after study drug administration. There were no intergroup differences with respect to BIS and CSI values at any time point.

Conclusions:

These data suggest that in pediatric patients anesthetized with propofol, administration of mivacurium has no impact on BIS and CSI values.”
“Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a rare disease characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure. It is usually secondary to infections by strains of Escherichia coil (STEC) that produce Shiga-like toxin. In about 10% of patients, no STEC infections are reported. In these cases of atypical HUS (aHUS), mutations in genes encoding proteins of the complement system have been described.

The rat CSMCs were isolated and cultured by enzyme digestion, in which tankyrase 1 expression and autophagy quantity were compared. Tankyrase 1 overexpression was induced with plasmid transfection

by Lipofectamine (TM). The effect of tankyrase 1 overexpression on proliferation, autophagy and mTOR pathway in 24-month-old ED rats’ CSMCs was measured by the cell growth curve in MTT assay, cell cycle analysis in flow cytometry Ralimetinib order (FCM), key protein expression in Western blot, autophagy quantity in transmission electron microscopy, monodansylcadaverine staining and GFP-LC3 fluorescence. The primary CSMCs were confirmed by immunofluorescence, and the purity was 99.1% in FCM. Compared with that of 8-month-old rats, tankyrase 1 expression and autophagy quantity CUDC-907 inhibitor significantly decreased in 24-month-old ED rats’ primary CSMCs (P < 0.01). Tankyrase 1 overexpression significantly increased the growth rate (P < 0.05) and increased the S phase of cell cycle (P < 0.01). The autophagosome quantity was remarkably

increased (P < 0.01), LC3-I/II and Beclin 1 were upregulated (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05), and p-p70S6K (Thr(389)) was downregulated in 24-month-old ED rat CSMCs (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Tankyrase 1 and autophagy decrease in the CSMCs from aging rats with ED, and tankyrase 1 may have a positive effect on proliferation by enhancing autophagy and regulating the mTOR signalling pathway.”
“The ferromagnetic interlayer exchange coupling J(inter) for stacked perpendicular recording media with a granular layer (GL)/interlayer (IL)/alloy capping layer (CL) structure was quantitatively evaluated

by Q-band ferromagnetic resonance GSK126 (FMR). Two resonances with acoustic and optical precession modes were observed in the FMR signals from the stacked media. Fitting using the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation indicated that Jinter increased from 0.55 to 1.83 erg/cm(2) when the Pt IL thickness was reduced from 2.0 to 1.0 nm for media based on Co(82)Cr(10)Pt(8)-CL (4 nm) and Co(74)Pt(16)Cr(10)-8 mol (SiO(2))-GL (16 nm). The optimum Pt IL thickness at which the switching field distribution was minimized due to a large reduction in the saturation field of the stacked media was found to correspond to the boundary condition between antiparallel and parallel precession of the magnetic moments of the GL and CL in FMR. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3569843]“
“Polyurethanes obtained from 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and polydiols with different molecular weights (polyethylene glycol and polyoxypropylene diols) were used as modifiers for diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A. Impact strength (IS), critical stress intensity factor (KC), flexural strength and flexural strain at break were measured as a function of polyurethane (PUR) type and content.

Pin1 (peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase) is the only enzyme known that can isomerise specific Ser/Thr-Pro peptide bonds after phosphorylation and regulate their conformational changes with high efficiency. These Pin1-catalysed conformational changes can have profound effects on phosphorylation signalling by regulating a spectrum of target activities. Interestingly, Pin1

deregulation is implicated in a number of diseases, notably ageing and age-related diseases, including cancer and Alzheimer disease. Pin1 is overexpressed in most human cancers; it activates numerous oncogenes or growth enhancers and also inactivates a large number of selleck products tumour suppressors or growth inhibitors. By contrast, ablation of Pin1 prevents cancer, but eventually

leads to premature ageing and neurodegeneration. Consistent Nec-1s in vivo with its neuroprotective role, Pin1 has been shown to be inactivated in neurons of patients with Alzheimer disease. Therefore, Pin1-mediated phosphorylation-dependent prolyl isomerisation represents a unique signalling mechanism that has a pivotal role in the development of human diseases, and might offer an attractive new diagnostic and therapeutic target.”
“Objectives. The aim of this study was to compare effective doses resulting from different scan protocols for cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) using International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) 1990 and 2007 calculations of dose.

Study design. Average tissue-absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and effective dose for a ProMax 3D CBCT with different dental protocols were calculated using thermoluminescent dosimeter chips in a human equivalent phantom. Effective doses were derived using ICRP 1990 and the superseding 2007 recommendations.

Results. Effective doses (ICRP 2007) for default patient sizes from small to large ranged from 102 to 298 mu Sv. The coefficient of determination (R(2)) between tube current and effective dose (ICRP 2007) was 0.90. When scanning with lower resolution settings, check details the effective doses were reduced significantly (P < .05).

Conclusions. ProMax 3D can provide a wide range

of radiation dose levels. Reduction in radiation dose can be achieved when using lower settings of exposure parameters. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;110:770-776)”
“The need for a more sensitive and time-efficient assay for malaria has led to the development of molecular assays involving real-time PCR (qPCR), a procedure that has the potential to detect low levels of parasitemia, identify mixed infections, and allow for precise differentiation of species via melting curve analysis or TaqMan fluorescence-labeled probes. Since the first study published in 2001 at least 17 assays have been developed, most of them using SSUrRNA as the target gene. We used qPCR to detect Plasmodium falciparum and P.

Because AC contributes heavily to estimated fetal weight calculations, physicians may be over estimating growth restriction in AA patients. Ethnicity-specific fetal growth curves are indicated to limit unnecessary follow up.”
“BACKGROUND

Fractional Ulixertinib order laser resurfacing is a new

procedure for skin rejuvenation. We have found that it has a skin tightening effect in humans.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the mechanism of the skin tightening effect of fractional laser treatment in animals using histologic approaches.

METHODS

The dorsal skin of hairless guinea pigs was irradiated with a fractional 1,540-nm erbium glass laser. Biopsy specimens were taken serially from 0 hour until 1 year after irradiation and evaluated histologically.

RESULTS

Histologic evaluation indicated dermal remodeling within 2 months, in which regenerated collagen bundles and fibroblasts aligned in a horizontal direction, suggesting a traction stress on the dermal components. The treated part became less obvious over a period of more than 3 months by recovery Histone Methyltransf inhibitor of fine collagen bundles without fibrosis.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that improvement of the tension in a horizontal

direction is essential for skin remodeling and improvement of facial laxity using fractional laser resurfacing.

The authors have indicated no significant interest with commercial supporters.”
“Objectives: In animal experiments, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have induced visceral obesity. To address this possibility in humans, we evaluated learn more associations between POPs and abdominal obesity both cross-sectionally and prospectively.

Methods:

Twenty-one plasma POPs (16 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, 3 organochlorine (OC) pesticides, 1 brominated diphenyl ether (BDE), and 1 dioxin) were measured at baseline in 970 participants aged 70 years of the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS), with prospective analyses in 511 participants re-examined after 5 years. Abdominal obesity was defined by an increased waist circumference.

Results: In the cross-sectional analyses, concentrations of the less chlorinated PCBs, OC pesticides such as p,p’-DDE and dioxin had adjusted odds ratios of 2 to 3 for abdominal obesity. Many relations had inverted U-shapes rather than being linear, particularly in women. In contrast, concentrations of highly chlorinated PCBs were strongly inversely associated with abdominal obesity. In a single model including summary measures of the less chlorinated PCBs, highly chlorinated PCBs, and OC pesticides, both the positive associations and inverse associations strengthened. Similar but somewhat weaker associations were seen between POPs and risk of development of abdominal obesity in the prospective analyses.

Nonmelanoma skin cancer, which encompasses basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma, is the most common cancer in the United States. Ultraviolet B exposure is a significant factor in the development of basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma. The use of tanning

beds is associated with a 1.5-fold increase in the risk of basal cell carcinoma and a 2.5-fold increase in the risk of squamous cell carcinoma. Routine screening for skin cancer is controversial. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force cites insufficient evidence to recommend for or against routine whole-body skin examination to screen for skin cancer. Basal cell carcinoma most commonly appears as a pearly white, see more dome-shaped papule with prominent telangiectatic surface vessels. Squamous cell carcinoma most commonly appears as a firm, smooth, or hyperkeratotic papule or plaque, often with central ulceration. Initial tissue

sampling for diagnosis involves a shave technique if the lesion is raised, or a 2- to 4-mm punch biopsy of the most abnormal-appearing area of skin. Mohs micrographic surgery has the lowest recurrence rate among treatments, but is best considered for large, high-risk tumors. Smaller, lower-risk tumors may be treated with surgical excision, electrodesiccation RepSox concentration and curettage, or cryotherapy. Topical imiquimod and fluorouracil are also potential, but less supported, treatments. Although there are no clear guidelines for follow-up after an index nonmelanoma skin cancer, monitoring for recurrence

is prudent because the risk of subsequent skin cancer is 35 percent at three years and 50 percent at five years. (Am Fam Physician. 2012;86(2):161-168. Copyright (c) 2012 American Academy of Family Physicians.)”
“Objective: Low-dose transdermal opioids offer a new therapeutic option for osteoarthritis (OA). This study compared symptom relief obtained with buprenorphine patches plus oral paracetamol with that obtained with an oral codeine-paracetamol combination tablet (co-codamol) in older adults with OA.

Method: Two hundred and twenty people (aged >= 60 years) with OA hip and/or knee pain were randomised to treatment with 7-day buprenorphine patches plus oral paracetamol (5-25 mu g/h buprenorphine patches plus 1000 mg oral paracetamol q.i.d. (4 times PXD101 molecular weight daily); n = 110) or co-codamol tablets (two 8/500 two 30/500 mg tablets q.i.d.; n = 110). They entered a titration period of up to 10 weeks, during which their dose of study medication was adjusted until they reached optimum pain control. Patients who achieved optimum pain control entered a 12-week assessment period. The primary outcome was average daily pain scores recorded using the box scale-11 (BS-11) pain scale.

Results: Both treatments significantly reduced patient pain scores. The estimated treatment difference [95% confidence interval (Cl)] was -0.02 (-0.64, 0.60) for the per protocol (PP) population. The results were similar for the full analysis population.

(C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 119: 13301338, 2011″
“Objective. Conventional inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) has a poor success rate in inflamed pulps. Three alternative techniques of providing anesthesia to mandibular molars were evaluated and compared with conventional IANB.

Study design. Ninety-seven adult volunteer subjects, actively experiencing pain, participated in this prospective, www.selleckchem.com/products/4egi-1.html randomized, double-blinded study. Twenty-five patients received Gow-Gates mandibular conduction block anesthesia, 24 patients received “”high”" Vazirani-Akinosi inferior alveolar nerve block, 26 received only buccal-plus-lingual infiltrations, and 22 patients ( control) received

conventional IANB anesthesia. Endodontic access preparation was initiated after 15 minutes of anesthesia. Pain during treatment was recorded using a Heft-Parker visual analog scale. Success was recorded for “”none”" or “”mild”" pain.

Results. Statistical analysis using nonparametric McNemer tests showed that Gow-Gates gave a success rate of 52%, which was statistically higher than control IANB (36%) ( P < .05). Vazirani-Akinosi and infiltrations gave 41% and 27% success rates, respectively, with no statistically

significant differences from control IANB.

Conclusions. Gow-Gates mandibular conduction anesthesia may increase the success rates in patients with irreversible pulpitis compared with conventional IANB. None of the techniques provided acceptable success rates. ( Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010; 109: 303-308)”
“To better understand Danusertib cell line the variation in the “”plasma bullet”" velocity, the dynamics of an atmospheric pressure plasma plume driven by positive and negative pulses are investigated in detail. It is found that, before the plasma exits the nozzle, the plasma propagates at a speed of about 30 km/s for both positive and negative pulses. As soon as the plasma exits the nozzle, the plasma propagation

speed increases dramatically for both cases. The peak velocity for the case of the positive pulse is much higher than that of the negative pulse, it is approximately 150 km/s and 70 km/s, respectively. According to the optical emission spectra, the acceleration behavior of MS-275 research buy the plasma bullet when it exits the nozzle is due to the increase in the N-2(+) concentration. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3511448]“
“Changes in molecular weight and secondary structure of eri silk during alkali degumming and silk powdering were studied. An increase in silk degumming intensity, through increased alkali concentration, treatment temperature, and time, reduced the fibroin molecular weight and, therefore, the fiber tenacity, but at the same time, increased the beta-sheet fraction. These changes reduced the time required to mill the degummed silk fibers into fine powders.

(C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3361482]“
“Polypyrrole CP 690550 (PPy) was doped with the azocalix[4]arene [(5,11,17,23-tetrakis[(p-carboxyphenyl)azo]25, 26,27,28-tetrahydroxycalix[4]arene)]

host species. PPy/azocalix[4]arene salts were characterized by FTIR, TGA, SEM, X-ray diffraction, and conductivity measurements. The properties of PPy were investigated in the presence of azocalix[4]arene host species. The conductivity of PPy increased in the presence of azocalix[4]arene. TGA results indicated that the PPy/azocalix[4]arene salts have higher thermal stability than PPy. It was observed from SEM analysis that the particle diameter of PPy decreased with increasing content of azocalix[4]arene. (C) 2009

Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 115: 2697-2702, 2010″
“Scientific and technological advances that enable the tuning of integrated regulatory components to match network and system requirements are critical to reliably control the function of biological systems. RNA provides a promising building block for the construction NVP-BSK805 research buy of tunable regulatory components based on its rich regulatory capacity and our current understanding of the sequence-function relationship. One prominent example of RNA-based regulatory components is riboswitches, genetic elements that mediate ligand control of gene expression through diverse regulatory mechanisms. While characterization of natural and synthetic riboswitches has revealed that riboswitch function can be modulated through sequence alteration, no quantitative frameworks exist to investigate or guide riboswitch tuning. Here, we combined mathematical modeling

and experimental approaches to investigate the relationship between riboswitch STAT inhibitor function and performance. Model results demonstrated that the competition between reversible and irreversible rate constants dictates performance for different regulatory mechanisms. We also found that practical system restrictions, such as an upper limit on ligand concentration, can significantly alter the requirements for riboswitch performance, necessitating alternative tuning strategies. Previous experimental data for natural and synthetic riboswitches as well as experiments conducted in this work support model predictions. From our results, we developed a set of general design principles for synthetic riboswitches. Our results also provide a foundation from which to investigate how natural riboswitches are tuned to meet systems-level regulatory demands.”
“The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of bee pollen ethanolic extracts on the in vivo gastrointestinal tract microflora colonization of broiler chickens. A completely randomized experiment based on six treatments (different concentrations of bee pollen – 0, 5, 15, 25, 35 and 45 g kg(-1) diet) was used during 7 weeks.

A total of 140 patients underwent living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). Of these, 47 of 126 adult recipients showed indications of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related liver disease. The HTLV-1 find more prevalence rate was 10 of 140 recipients (7.14%) and three of 140 donors (0.02%). In HCV-related LDLT, graft and patient survival was worsened by HTLV-1 infection in recipients (seven cases). The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates in the HCV/HTLV-1-co-infected group were 67%, 32%, and 15%, respectively, and the corresponding

rates in the HCV-mono-infected group were 80%, 67%, and 67%, respectively. Only the 5-year survival rates were statistically significant (P = 0.04, log-rank method). HTLV-1 infection in recipients is also an important factor in predicting survival in HTLV-1 endemic areas.”
“Aims: To quantify the changes in contours of the target and organs at risk and the differences between planned and delivered doses to the target and organs at risk during the course of radiotherapy in head and neck cancer patients treated with

intensity-modulated radiotherapy on the TomoTherapy HiArt (TM) system.

Materials and methods: Five patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck treated with radical chemoradiotherapy using the TomoTherapy HiArt system were included in the study. The target volumes were treated to three different dose levels depending on the level of clinical risk for harbouring disease. Patient positions were assessed daily with megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) and positional correction made before learn more each treatment when necessary. MVCTs were superimposed on to the planning kilovoltage computed tomography images for each patient and target volumes and organ at risk volumes were re-outlined on MVCT images. Doses to clinical target volumes and organs at risk were recalculated to show the actual delivered doses.

Results: There was shrinkage in the volume of the parotid glands during treatment in all cases. The mean volume reduction in the ipsilateral parotid gland was more marked at 30.2%, compared with

the contralateral parotid glands. However, the mean percentage dose per fraction increase was higher in the contralateral parotid glands at 24%, compared with the ipsilateral parotids. The calculated doses selleck were higher than the planned doses in all CTV-54, CTV-60 and CTV-68, but the mean dose differences were modest, in the range 1.3-2.4%.

Conclusions: We have shown that there were considerable changes in the volume and dose to the parotids during treatment. The changes in volume and dose to the clinical target volume were more modest in comparison. Adaptive radiotherapy planning can be helpful in improving the dose to the parotid glands. However, its role in the optimisation of the dosage to the clinical target volume is less likely to result in a significant clinical benefit. (C) 2010 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.