Magnetic layers of Co, Py, Co40Fe40B20, Co75Fe25, and Co50Fe50 were then deposited by sputtering under a magnetic field. Despite employing a chemical process, a clear exchange bias was observed for all the magnetic materials. The temperature dependence of Hex was evaluated for a Co50Fe50/BiFeO3 bilayer having a relatively large Hex and high squareness. The Hex of Co50Fe50/BiFeO3 bilayer increased between 10 to 250 K. (c) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3563061]“
“The effect of music in epilepsy has been reported as beneficial but mainly in the interictal condition. There are no reports of the effect of music in an acute condition such as status epilepticus.

Herein, we report a remarkable response to music in a patient with medically refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus. (C) 2010 Elsevier selleck chemical Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) affect 60 and 170 million infected individuals worldwide, respectively, and co-infection by both pathogens is often observed. This represents a serious public health Fosbretabulin molecular weight problem

that requires the identification of new drugs targeting essential phases of the life cycle of these two viruses. In this report, the synthesis and inhibitory activity of quinizarin derivatives towards both HCV NS5B polymerase and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase associated functions are reported. Our results demonstrate that anthraquinone derivatives are promising anti-polymerase viral inhibitors.”
“The xBiCoO(3)-(1-x)BiFeO3 [0 <= x <= 58 at. %] solid solution films were epitaxially grown on SrTiO3 (100) substrates, and the dependence of the magnetic properties on the BiCoO3 concentration was systematically investigated. The remanent magnetization (M-r) and coercive field (H-c) increased with the BiCoO3 in the case of rhombohedral composition (x <= 18 at. %), and it maximally enhanced at morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) (20 <= x <= 25 at. %). The magnetization decreased in the case

of a tetragonal structure (30 at. % <= x). The magnetoelectric (ME) effect at room temperature expect to observe for the BiCoO3-BiFeO3 solid solution films in the case of the rhombohedral structure and for MPB. (C) 2011 Selleckchem ZD1839 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3561776]“
“Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes (MELAS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with polygenetic, maternally inherited, mitochondrial DNA mutations. MELAS has multisystem presentation including neurological, muscular, endocrine, auditory, visual, cardiac, psychiatric, renal, gastrointestinal and dermatological symptoms. Clinical course and prognosis are variable, often leading to cognitive decline, disability, and premature death. Both convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) and nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) are reported with MELAS.

Neurourol. Urodynam. 31:386-389, 2012. (C) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.”
“Objective To describe the technique of deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) with Descemet’s membrane (DM) exposure in horse eyes. Also, to compare the efficacy

and safety of viscodissection and big-bubble techniques for DALK. Animals studied Thirty-four ex vivo horse eyes. Procedure Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty was performed in 34 ex vivo horse eyes. Two groups (Group V – viscodissection – 2% sodium hyaluronate; Group A – air – big-bubble) of 17 eyes were studied. Other than the substance used, the surgical technique was similar for both groups. Nonperforated eyes were submitted for light microscopic Thiazovivin in vivo histologic evaluation and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis. Results Group V – Perforations occurred in 18% of the eyes during surgery. Light microscopy revealed exposure of DM in 28% of the eyes with mean thickness of the remaining stroma being 70.4m. Group A – Perforations occurred in 42% of the eyes. Light microscopy revealed exposure of DM in 60% of the eyes with mean thickness of the remaining stroma being

23.3m. No significant differences in safety, efficacy and thickness of the remaining stroma (including all eyes or excluding those with DM exposure) were observed. SEM of the surgical site revealed a more even surface in those eyes with DM exposure compared to eyes with thicker remaining see more stroma in both groups. Conclusions We describe two DALK techniques (viscodissection and big-bubble) for use in horses. No significant differences in safety, efficacy and thickness of the remaining stroma were observed. However, a nonsignificant trend toward the big-bubble technique being more efficacious but less safe was observed.”
“Aims A review of the current state of research with regard to prevention of incontinence. Methods: The search was

limited to English language publications on the topic of incontinence prevention. Results: Incontinence is associated with a range of risk factors, most of which are modifiable. Lifestyle changes with behavioral modifications that can prevent urinary incontinence (UI) need to be adopted from an early phase of life. Pregnancy per se for the woman, independent of labor and delivery practice, Vorinostat chemical structure is a risk factor for UI. The influence of estrogen is still under discussion as to its direct influence to UI. For both men and women, there is a correlation between pelvic-floor related surgery and UI and fecal incontinence (FI). With further improvement in surgical techniques, UI is often only a transient symptom for most patients. Psychological illnesses and their treatment can induce or worsen incontinence and therefore should be evaluated especially with other necessary co-medications. Conclusions: The evidence would suggest that in some cases incontinence can be prevented.

Radiosensitivity, DNA damage, and cell cycle measurements were made using standard clonogenic assays, immunofluorescent assessment of nuclear histone H2AX phosphorylated on serine-139 (gamma-H2AX) foci, and flow cytometry. Western immunoblotting and fluorescence confocal microscopy were used to analyse

the changes in cellular proteins. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to compare levels of aurora A mRNA.

Results: Compared to C33aV cells, C33aE6 cells showed enhanced radiation cell killing. This was associated with a large amount of polyploidy which was followed by late cell death in C33aE6 cells. Aurora A was highly expressed in C33aE6 cells at pre- and post-irradiation times compared to C33aV cells. Silencing aurora A resulted in a reduced amount of residual gamma-H2AX foci in C33aE6 MI-503 Epigenetics inhibitor cells, and diminished the difference in radiosensitivity between the C33aE6 3-deazaneplanocin A chemical structure and C33aV cells.

Conclusion: Our in vitro results indicate that genetic instability could be augmented in the HPV-infected cancer cells by up-regulation of aurora

A, especially against a background of dysfunctional p53. Further studies are needed to examine whether aurora A could be a viable therapeutic target in HPV-related tumours.”
“We present a general theoretical approach that combines the iterative technique with the nonlinear transfer matrix method to solve the general problems of three-wave mixing with pump depletion in nonlinear multilayer structures. The theoretical model is directly derived from nonlinear coupled wave equations, shows fast numerical convergence and maintains conservation of total energy perfectly for general structures. We have employed this approach to discuss

second harmonic generation in photonic bandgap crystals with slow light effect and obtained a conversion efficiency of about 25% for both the forward and backward second harmonic waves. The detailed wave evolution process and energy conversion mechanism of sum frequency generation and difference frequency generation in perfect and imperfectly quasiphase-matching structures have been systematically investigated and their subtle and strong dependence on the initial conditions of incident waves has been revealed. The developed theoretical approach can be very useful for efficient and quantitative Vorinostat analysis of various nonlinear optical problems and help to design optimum nonlinear multilayer structures for specific high-efficiency nonlinear three-wave mixing processes. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3556739]“
“Purpose: To identify genes responsible for the radiosensitivity, we investigated the role of the differential gene expression profiles by comparing radioresistant H1299 with radiosensitive H460 lung cancer cell lines.

Materials and methods: mRNA profiles of lung cancer cell lines were assessed using microarray, and subsequent validation was performed with qRT-PCR (Quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction).

Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 1769-76.”
“Introduction “”Mixed incontinence”" is defined as a combination of stress and urge symptoms. Over time, it has morphed into a single entity, encompassing etiology and treatment. My perspectives are: (a) Stress incontinence (SI) and urge incontinence (UI) are different symptoms with often different anatomical causation and so should be treated separately; (b) It is illogical to group urgency with SI. Urgency may also be associated with frequency, nocturia, abnormal emptying and pelvic pain in patients with no SI (“”posterior fornix syndrome”"); and (c) There is growing evidence that urgency may be cured by surgical correction

of a cystocele LY2606368 solubility dmso and/or apical prolapse in up to 80% of patients who do not have SI. In this anatomical context, sensory urgency, urge incontinence and urodynamic detrusor overactivity may all be hypothesized as different manifestations of a prematurely activated micturition reflex, caused by a lax vagina’s inability to support bladder base

stretch receptors. This statement can be tested with a simple clinical test, “”simulated operations”", whereby digitally supporting in turn the midurethra, bladder base and posterior vaginal fornix may cause a significant decrease in the urgency felt by the patient.

Conclusions The term “”mixed incontinence”" is only valid if both symptoms are caused by a lax pubourethral ligament. However, urgency may be caused by laxity in other parts of the vagina. Regarding stress and urge as separate entities

will remove the confusion resulting from this definition, creating new directions for science and therapy.”
“Background: It has been suggested that the inverse Selleckchem GW4869 association between alcohol and type 2 diabetes could be 4SC-202 solubility dmso explained by moderate drinkers’ healthier lifestyles.

Objective: We studied whether moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes in adults with combined low-risk lifestyle behaviors.

Design: We prospectively examined 35,625 adults of the Dutch European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-NL) cohort aged 20-70 y, who were free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline (1993-1997). In addition to moderate alcohol consumption (women: 5.0-14.9 g/d; men: 5.0-29.9 g/d), we defined low-risk categories of 4 lifestyle behaviors: optimal weight [body mass index (in kg/m(2)) <25], physically active (>= 30 min of physical activity/d), current nonsmoker, and a healthy diet [upper 2 quintiles of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet].

Results: During a median of 10.3 y, we identified 796 incident cases of type 2 diabetes. Compared with teetotalers, hazard ratios of moderate alcohol consumers for risk of type 2 diabetes in low-risk lifestyle strata after multivariable adjustments were 0.35 (95% Cl: 0.17, 0.72) when of a normal weight, 0.65 (95% Cl: 0.46, 0.91) when physically active, 0.54 (95% Cl: 0.41, 0.71) when nonsmoking, and 0.57 (95% Cl: 0.

1% (95% CI: 7.1-15.2, P < .001). Heterogeneity among analyzed studies was significant (I(2) = 92.9, P < .001). No potential publication bias was found. In meta-regression analyses, the proportion of patients with coronary artery disease

was inversely related with LVEF improvement S3I-201 inhibitor (P < .0001) whereas there was no association between the LVEF change and the proportion of patients with nonparoxysmal AF or the proportion of patients without AF recurrences during follow-up.

Conclusions: AF ablation in patients with systolic LV dysfunction results in significant improvement of LV function, but the extent of this improvement is heterogeneous. Patients with coronary artery disease seem to benefit less than patients with other underlying diseases. These results may be explained by patient selection. (J Cardiac Fail 2011;17:964-970)”
“BACKGROUNDA large quantity of heavy metal contaminated wastewater sludge is produced

during the treatment of printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing wastewater. The PCB wastewater sludge containing high concentrations of heavy metals, such as Cu and Zn, increases the potential for metal recycling. Although bioleaching is indicated as a promising technology to remove metals from electronic scrap and waste PCBs, its application for metal recovery from PCB wastewater sludge is still very limited. The purpose of this study was to develop a thermophilic bioleaching process operated in a sequencing batch Entinostat reactor (SBR) to recover heavy metals from PCB wastewater sludge.

RESULTSThe results show that an increase in sludge solid content from 0.5 NU7441 order to 5% (w/v) decreased the rate of pH reduction during the bioleaching process. It was also found that the efficiency and rate of metal solubilization decreased with increasing sludge solid content. At a sludge solid content of 0.5% (w/v), after four repeated feed/decant cycles with 10days per cycle (40days) of SBR operation, the maximum efficiencies of metal solubilization in the treated sludge were 65% and 100% for Cu and Zn, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe solubilization efficiency

of heavy metals was lower during SBR operation with a longer 20-daycycle time. Therefore, a shorter 10-daycycle time for SBR operation is preferred for the thermophilic bioleaching of PCB wastewater sludge. In the treated sludge, the potential mobility and environmental risks of heavy metals were decreased significantly after the thermophilic bioleaching process. (c) 2013 Society of Chemical Industry”
“Neutron diffraction data were collected from sintered polycrystalline 0.9BiFeO(3)-0.1PbTiO(3) at temperatures between 293 and 793 K and the crystal and magnetic structures refined by the Rietveld method. An antiferromagnetic Neel temperature of 592 K was determined from a Brillouin fit to the refined magnetic moments with a ground state of 4.34 mu(B), showing no loss of moment per Fe site compared to BiFeO3. Some magnetic order was observed to persist above the Neel temperature.

The surface tension of Co nanoparticles calculated using a liquid drop model was more than twice that of bulk material. The size-dependent vibrational properties were probed with temperature-dependent EXAFS measurements. Using a correlated anharmonic

Einstein model and thermodynamic perturbation theory, Einstein temperatures for both nanoparticles and bulk material were determined. Compared to bulk Co, the mean vibrational frequency of the smallest nanoparticles was reduced as attributed to a greater influence of loosely bonded, undercoordinated surface atoms relative to the effect of capillary pressure generated by surface curvature.”
“Schmidt et al (1) showed that MR imaging by using gadofluorine M, a fluorinated macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agent, enabled detection of disease progression in a model of muscular dystrophy in mice, whereas a macromolecular contrast agent did this website find more not. MR imaging with contrast agents such as gadofluorine M might ultimately be used in patients with muscular dystrophy to monitor disease progression and to assess the effectiveness of newer therapies currently under development.”
“Elastomeric biodegradable polyurethanes and polyphosphate have been developed using an L-tyrosine-based diphenolic monomer desaminotyrosine-tyrosine hexyl ester (DTH). Soft segments, which are polycaproloctone diol

(PCL) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) have been used for the synthesis of two biodegradable L-tyrosine polyurethanes (LTUs), which are PEG-C-DTH and PCL-C-DTH. An investigation of the physico-chemical properties shows that these polymers have dramatically different properties. By blending LTUs with L-tyrosine polyphosphate (LTP), we hope to produce a family

of materials with a wide range of thermal, morphological, surface, and degradative properties. Examination of the blends shows a smooth surface morphology with a partially phase-separated structure. These findings are consistent with the results obtained from thermal analysis of the blends. Hydrophilic nature of PEG imparts the PEG-based blends (PEG-C-DTH/LTP) with a significantly higher surface and bulk hydrophilicity compared with the PCL-based blends (PCL-C-DTH/LTP). Finally, the blends demonstrate a rapid initial hydrolytic degradation in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) followed by a significantly slower, prolonged degradation. The observed trend Cyclosporin A may occur due to the rapid hydrolytic degradation rate of the polyphosphate polymer followed by the degradation of the polyurethane component. Thus, tuning the physical properties by blending LTUs with LTP may be useful for drug delivery device and soft tissue engineering scaffold applications. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 114: 3235-3247, 2009″
“To provide bioelectrets with controlled electrical energy, the polarization and relaxation characteristics of hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramic electrets were investigated in terms of poling conditions and microstructures.

Radiography showed widespread osseous metastasis. Biopsy revealed an infiltrative tumor with single file growth and tumor cells obscuring the dermal-epidermal junction in multiple foci, imparting an appearance of epidermotropism. The tumor

cells were positive for CD31, CD34, and D2-40 and negative for Cam 5.2. This novel case of pseudoepidermotropic angiosarcoma highlights a potential pitfall in the histomorphologic assessment of poorly differentiated angiosarcoma.”
“Fluoroscopic overlay images rendered from preoperative volumetric www.selleckchem.com/products/poziotinib-hm781-36b.html data can provide additional anatomical details to guide physicians during catheter ablation procedures for treatment of atrial fibrillation (AFib). As these overlay images are often compromised by cardiac and respiratory

motion, motion compensation methods are needed to keep the overlay images in sync with the fluoroscopic images. So far, these approaches have either required simultaneous biplane imaging for 3-D motion compensation, or in case of monoplane X-ray imaging, provided only a limited 2-D functionality. To overcome the downsides of the previously suggested methods, we propose an approach that facilitates a full 3-D motion compensation NU7441 chemical structure even if only monoplane X-ray images are available. To this end, we use a training phase that employs a biplane sequence to establish a patient specific motion model. Afterwards, a constrained model-based 2-D/3-D registration method is used to track a circumferential mapping catheter. This device is commonly used for AFib catheter ablation procedures.

Based on the experiments on real patient data, we found that our constrained monoplane 2-D/3-D registration outperformed the unconstrained counterpart and yielded an average 2-D tracking buy VS-6063 error of 0.6 mm and an average 3-D tracking error of 1.6 mm. The unconstrained 2-D/3-D registration technique yielded a similar 2-D performance, but the 3-D tracking error increased to 3.2 mm mostly due to wrongly estimated 3-D motion components in X-ray view direction. Compared to the conventional 2-D monoplane method, the proposed method provides a more seamless workflow by removing the need for catheter model re-initialization otherwise required when the C-arm view orientation changes. In addition, the proposed method can be straightforwardly combined with the previously introduced biplane motion compensation technique to obtain a good trade-off between accuracy and radiation dose reduction.”
“Patients with end-stage kidney disease are at high cardiovascular risk due to accelerated atherosclerosis development. Important factors that accelerate the development of atherosclerosis in this group are calcium-phosphorus disturbances causing vascular calcification.

No publication has reported whether there is an independent association between patients’ health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and employment status. The objective of the study was to investigate the selleck kinase inhibitor association of paid work and HRQOL in patients with

RA whilst controlling for demographics and disease severity. This was a cross-sectional study. Three hundred and ten patients were consecutively recruited from two Norwegians hospitals when commencing disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug treatment. Data on demographics, employment status, disease activity (DAS28-3), physical functioning, pain, tiredness, and HRQOL (SF-36) were collected. HRQOL were compared between 123 patients working full- or part-time and 187 patients not working due to disability pension, retirement, being students or “”home workers”". The regression analyses showed an independent positive association between paid work and the physical (p = 001) and the mental component (p = 012) of the SF-36 when controlling for demographics and disease severity. Paid work was statistically significantly associated with better HRQOL in patients with RA. The positive association of performing paid work and HRQOL imply that health care providers should thoroughly evaluate the possibilities

for the patients to continue with paid work.”
“Study Design. Sham-operation-controlled animal study to assess alterations in blood flow in the spinal cord in LY2606368 a chronic compression model. Laboratory investigation.

Objective. Cervical myelopathy is a common cause of disability in elderly patients. Hypothesis was made that ischemia subsequent to the spinal cord compression plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the spinal cord dysfunction. This study was undertaken to assess alterations in the blood flow of the spinal cord under chronic compression in a rat model.

Summary of Background Data. Histologic study of spinal cord from patients with spondylotic myelopathy showed ischemic tissue changes. Experimentally, spinal cord hypoperfusion in combination with chronic spinal cord

STI571 chemical structure compression induced myelopathy in dogs. We previously showed that chronic compression of the spinal cord in rats produces gradual deterioration of mobility of the animals accompanied by cord tissue degeneration compatible with ischemic changes.

Methods. Chronic compression of the cervical spinal cord was implemented by implantation of a thin urethane polymer sheet under the C5-C6 laminae, which expands by absorbing tissue water over 48-72 hours. The control group underwent sham operation. Twelve weeks later, blood flow to the C3-C4 and C5-C6 spinal cord segments were measured by fluorescent microsphere methods.

Results. In the control group, the blood flow in the C5-C6 segment was larger than C3-C4 segment. In the compression group, the blood flow in the C5-C6 was significantly reduced compared to the C3-C4 segment.

Conclusion.

With this study we provide the first experimental evidence showing that temporarily

inactivating the amygdala before training impairs auditory fear learning when there is a temporal gap between the tone and the shock. Moreover, imposing a short interval (5s) between the two stimuli also relies on the mPFC, while learning the association across a longer interval (40s) becomes additionally dependent on a third structure, the dorsal hippocampus. Thus, our results suggest that increasing the interval length between tone and shock leads to the involvement of an increasing number of brain areas in order for the association between the two stimuli to be acquired normally. These findings demonstrate that the temporal relationship between events is a key factor Salubrinal in determining the neuronal mechanisms underlying associative fear learning.”
“Introduction: Pre-treatment serum IL-10/IL-12 balance has been recently found deregulated in childhood soft tissue sarcomas (STS). Its role in STS monitoring and assessment

of response to therapy is unknown.

Objective: To establish whether serum AR-13324 IL-10 and IL-12 levels and their reciprocal ratios reflect childhood STS course and actual activity and whether G-CSF therapy and central vein catheter (CVC)-related sepsis influence the interleukins levels.

Materials and methods: ELISA determinations of serum interleukins were performed before treatment, in remission without complications (CR), at relapse and after treatment in 59 STS patients and during G-CSF administration and CVC-related sepsis (in 18) and also in 30 healthy controls.

Results: In CR IL-10 declined and IL-12 increased as compared to pretreatment levels; in relapse IL-10 rose and IL-12 decreased significantly as compared to levels in CR. Also rates of IL-10, IL-12, and IL-10/IL-12 ratios recently estimated by us as of prognostic

significance reflected well the STS course. During G-CSF therapy and CVC-related sepsis, IL-10 increased and IL-12 decreased significantly from levels in CR without complications. IL-10 levels and rates of www.selleckchem.com/products/mi-503.html IL-10 >= 11 pg/ml ;in sepsis could falsely suggest relapse. However, IL-12 levels, rates of IL-12 <= 60 pg/ml and/or simultaneous determination of both interleukins differed significantly from levels at relapse.

Conclusion: Serial determinations of serum IL-10 and IL-12 reflected well the course of STS in children and enabled remission and relapse phases to be distinguished. To avoid G-CSF and sepsis influence, IL-12 and IL-10/IL-12 ratio and not IL-10 alone should be analysed.”
“Different ocular findings have been described in association with neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2). Detailed ophthalmological examination of asymptomatic subjects with a family history of NF2 could help confirm the diagnosis in young patients. We present a case of unilateral cataract and bilateral epiretinal membranes in a 5-year-old boy with a family history of neurofibromatosis 2.

Participants were randomized to receive an invitation to screen or not. The MASS trial randomized 67 770 men, followed participants over 10 years and concluded that screening would almost half AAA-related deaths in men aged 65-74 years. The smaller Chichester trial included only 6040 men but demonstrated a 42% reduction in AAA-related mortality at

5 years, with ongoing benefit at 15 years (11% reduction). The Viborg County trial recruited 12 639 men aged 64-73 years, showed a 66% reduction in AAA-related mortality over 14 years. Finally, the Western VX-809 manufacturer Australia trial evaluated 41 000 men but included an older population of 65-83 years old. No benefit was seen in this age group but subgroup analysis of men aged 65-74 showed a significant mortality benefit. Only a small or insignificant benefit in all-cause mortality was seen in any of these studies. A recent meta-analysis of these trials has shown a significant benefit in AAA-related mortality in the long term and concluded that AAA screening is superior to

other established screening programmes. The cost-effectiveness of screening was assessed in the MASS and Viborg County trials and was found to be substantially below the this website cost threshold set by the National Institute of Clinical Excellence for acceptance of interventions. Quality of life was assessed in the MASS and in a case-control study and showed no adverse effects that outweigh the benefits.

We concluded that ultrasound screening for AAAs has met all the criteria to become a screening programme and would substantially reduce disease-related death with no adverse effect Immunology & Inflamm inhibitor on quality of life.”
“To report the cytogenetic and molecular genetic analysis of the first two cases of non-chimerism and chimerism karyotype in Chinese male patients who suffer from azoospermia, which may be caused by pseudo dicentric Y chromosomes.

Case study.

Academic reproductive medicine center.

Two male patients with azoospermia, carrying pseudo dicentric Y chromosome.

Review the records of inquiry, testicular biopsy, pathological examination, semen routine examination, endocrine evaluation, cytogenetic chromosomal analysis, and FISH detection of peripheral blood to evaluate Y chromosome deletion.

To investigate the possible association among pseudo dicentric Y, chimeric status and azoospermia.

Two patients were both diagnosed with azoospermia by a variety of andrology inspections. Further chromosomal analysis and FISH indicated their pseudo dicentric Y chromosome and different chimerism status. PCR confirmed simultaneous deletions of AZFb and AZFc regions in the Y chromosome of both patients.