6 ms) is the total magnetization transfer time in the HMQC [36]. Generally, PRE effects are measured with paramagnetic centers showing predominant Solomon relaxation, such as nitroxide radicals and Mn2+. The distance between the electron spin and the nucleus is estimated using a modified version of the Solomon–Bloembergen equation [37] ( Fig. 3). Excellent

reviews of paramagnetic NMR can be found in [38] and [39]. In RNP complexes paramagnetic tags can be attached at specific positions on one of the protein components: quantification of the PRE effects on the find more methyl and amide groups of the other proteins and on the base resonances of the RNA yields intermolecular distance restraints. The most common strategy for paramagnetic tagging of proteins uses single cysteine residues, which can be easily reacted with a thiol-containing compound. In this way specific positions along the protein chain can be coupled with synthetic metal chelating agents (for example based on ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA) or chemical radicals [40]. The most commonly used radical for coupling to the cysteine thiol group is the (3-(2-iodoacetamido)-2,2,5,5,tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy radical). Single cysteines can be engineered

in each protein of the complex one-by-one GSK269962 mouse at different positions, so as to obtain a complete network of intermolecular selleckchem distances (Fig. 3). The drawback of this technique is that the protein to be paramagnetically tagged must not contain any accessible native cysteine, which might limit

the applicability of the method or require more sophisticated tagging strategies. For RNA molecules site-selective spin-labelling strategies can be performed either during chemical synthesis or post-synthetic [41]. Post-synthetic labelling allows introduction of radicals at the phosphodiester backbone, via coupling with a thiophosphate, at the C2, C4 and C5 positions of uridines, at the C5 position of cytidines and at the C2 position of adenosines [42]. The nucleotide to be coupled with the spin-label must uniquely carry a chemical modification that is capable of reacting with the spin label. As for proteins, care must be taken that the spin-label does not perturb the structure of the RNA while, at the same time, the linker should be as rigid as possible to avoid averaging of the structural information through excessive spin-label dynamics. For long RNAs, which cannot be obtained by chemical synthesis, the single-site modification must be engineered in a shorter fragment, which is then combined with other fragments by enzymatic ligation to lead the complete RNA. This procedure can be cumbersome and yields only small amounts of RNA.

5% for all outcomes [41]. In addition to the standard morphological analysis, we applied

a customized segmentation algorithm [37], [42] and [43] to the HR-pQCT scans to assess cortical BMD (Ct.BMD, mm HA/cm3), total cross-sectional area (Tt.Ar, mm2), cortical thickness (Ct.Th, mm) [44], and cortical porosity (Ct.Po, %) [37], [42] and [43]. This technique can reduce variation in Ct.Th measures caused by differences in degree of bone mineralization, which can be present when obtaining Ct.Th by dividing see more cortical bone volume by the periosteal surface. In vivo reproducibility for these cortical measures is < 2.9%, with the exception of Ct.Po, which has a reported least significant change of 0.58% for the radius and 0.84% for the tibia [42]. One trained technician analyzed all HR-pQCT scans. To obtain accurate estimates of bone strength, we used custom finite element analysis (FEA) software to analyze each HR-pQCT

scan based on a linear, homogenous model with a mesh generated using NVP-BGJ398 concentration the voxel conversion approach. This method incorporates the three-dimensional micro-architecture and local BMD of the scanned region of interest [45] and [46]. The models were solved using custom large-scale FEA software (Numerics88 Solutions, Calgary, Canada) [47] on a desktop workstation (Mac, OS X v10.5; 2 × 2.8 GHz Quad-Core Intel Xeon; 32 GB 800 MHz DDR2 FB-DIMM). Using this custom software, the radius and tibia models required an average of 60 min each to solve. The primary outcome was failure load (N), based on simulating axial compressive loading of the bone to 1% strain Olopatadine [48]. A Biodex isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex®, System 3, New York, USA) was used to measure maximal isokinetic knee extension and flexion torque (Nm) of the dominant leg. The Biodex seat was adjusted until the popliteal crease was at the edge of the chair and the axis of rotation was at the level of the femoral condyle. The leg pad was placed just above the malleoli. Participants began each test with their leg in a flexed position and commenced

with knee extension at 90°/s. Once the participant reached the point of maximum extension they immediately reverted to knee flexion also at 90°/s. The combination of extension and flexion consisted of one practice trial followed by three experimental trials with no rest. A digital low-pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 5 Hz reduced noise. This test is highly reliable [49] and targets large muscle groups such as the quadriceps and hamstrings that insert on the proximal tibia. A grip strength dynamometer (Almedic, Quebec, Canada) was used to determine overall isometric strength (kg) of the hand and forearm muscles of the dominant arm (or non-dominant for those participants with previous forearm fractures) using the Canadian Physical Activity, Fitness, and Lifestyle Approach protocol [50].

Main duct IMPNs are more likely to progress to malignancy than branch duct ones and frequently require surgery.3 Branch duct IPMNs that are small (ie, branch duct size <3 cm and not associated with main duct

dilatation or a mass or mural module) can often be monitored over time and left alone when they fail to progress.4 However, those of us who manage patients with these pancreatic curiosities live in fear of missing a “rogue” branch duct lesion that harbors an adenocarcinoma. Making a cytologic or—even better—histologic diagnosis greatly aids our decision making, which should be a team effort among the gastroenterologist, a body-imaging radiologist, and an experienced pancreatic surgeon. If the gastroenterologist is not a skilled exponent of EUS, then a suitably NVP-LDE225 concentration qualified colleague should be recruited to the team. Historically, ERCP has not had a major role to play in the diagnosis of IPMN because the branch ducts are not easily accessed for sampling, and

contrast injection into the main duct may be Ixazomib purchase greatly hampered by the presence of thick mucus. It has been suggested that the incidence of postprocedure pancreatitis may be significantly increased when main duct IPMNs are studied by ERCP,5 possibly because contrast is forced out into side branches by the gelatinous (mucinous) plug occupying the lumen of the main duct. Modern thin-caliber endoscopes that can be inserted through the instrument channel of a standard duodenoscope have rendered pancreatoscopy a practical investigation in suitably equipped centers. However, pancreatoscopy is only useful within significantly dilated main PDs, where frondlike, villous lesions (often likened to

sea anemones), gently waving in the pancreatic tide, can be identified and sampled. Although main duct IPMNs can be impressive, branch duct IPMNs are often subtle, with a few fronds entering the main duct or sometimes not being visible at all. In our experience, getting a really good pancreatoscopic view of branch duct lesions is the exception rather than the rule. Most investigators rely instead on endoscopic brush cytology at ERCP and/or EUS-guided FNA cytology of mural nodules or associated pancreatic masses to guide their decision making. Serologic Casein kinase 1 and fluid collection markers of evolving pancreatic malignancy, such as carcinoembryonic antigen and CA19-9, have not proved useful for diagnosis or monitoring in IPMN.6 and 7 In this issue of the Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, a group from Japan 8 reports on their experience with PD lavage cytology and histology (by using a cell-block method) for distinguishing benign from malignant IPMNs. This was a single-center, prospective study: their technique was not compared with any “standard” approach. They selected patients with suspected pancreatic branch duct IPMNs identified by CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Those with mural nodules seen on subsequent EUS underwent endoscopic retrograde pancreatography followed by PD lavage cytology.

To estimate the standard error path coefficients, bootstrap analysis [25] was performed with SPSS. For Experiment 2, a one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) was used to test the difference between GY and the yield-related traits across both years and locations. The environmental variance (S2), indicating the stability of both yield and yield-related traits [26] and [27], was determined. The environmental variance (S2) is defined as the variance of genotype yields recorded across test or selection Selleckchem Target Selective Inhibitor Library environments (i.e., individual trials): equation(1) Si2=∑Rij−mij/e−1where,

Rij = the observed genotype yield response in the environment j, mij = the genotype mean yield across environments, and e = the number of environments. The greatest stability occurs when S2 = 0. In addition, the coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated as a stability measure. A CV value close to 0 indicates the greatest stability. For Experiment 1, GY of the 53 tested cultivars ranged from 7.1 to 18.1 t ha− 1 in 2007. The GY for these cultivars was normally distributed, with an average value of 13.7 t ha− 1 and a standard deviation of 2.24 (Fig. 1-A). Of the 53 cultivars, 13 had a GY above 15.0 t ha− 1. In 2008, the GY of 48 tested cultivars was also normally distributed, with an average value of 15.1 ± 1.57 t ha− 1 (Fig. 1-B). The GY in 2008 increased approximately 10% over the values observed

in 2007. In 2008, the minimum GY was 10.7 t ha− 1 for cultivar 08 TJ-Fan 4, whereas the maximum GY was 18.50 t ha− 1 for cultivar II You 107. Of the 48 cultivars tested, 17 had a GY above 15.0 t ha− 1. The average GD, PH, SFP, and SM values in 2007 and 2008 were AZD2014 mw almost identical. The MT and PN values decreased in 2008, whereas the SP, GW, and PW increased. The average GY increased from 13.7 t ha− 1 in 2007 to 15.1 t ha− 1 in 2008 (Table 2). Correlation matrices for the GY and Edoxaban the yield-related traits for both years of Experiment 1 are presented in Table 3. In general, the correlation coefficients among the variables were low. Growth duration, LAI, PN, and SM were all significantly and positively correlated with GY for both years

(P < 0.01), but the correlation coefficient (r) above 0.5 was for SM only. Growth duration was strongly correlated with PHP, with r of 0.82 in 2007 and 0.83 in 2008, but was weakly correlated with HM. Pre-heading period was significantly and positively correlated with PH and PW in both years and positively correlated with GY in 2008. Plant height was significantly and positively correlated with GW and significantly and negatively correlated with SFP, with absolute r values above 0.50 in 2007. Maximum tiller number per square meter was negatively correlated with PR and positively correlated with PN for both years. Panicle number per square meter was significantly and positively correlated with LAI and SM for both years and with GY only in 2007, but negatively correlated with PW for both years.

, 1972). Saturated FA have pro-inflammatory actions (Basu et al., 2006) and increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (Oh et al., 2005 and Singh et al., 2002), whereas monounsaturated FA have been associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases (West and York, 1998). ω-3 Polyunsaturated FA (PUFA; EPA and DHA) present anti-inflammatory effects and decrease the release of pro-atherosclerotic factors (He et al., 2009),

whereas the effects of ω-6 PUFA (e.g. linoleic and γ-linolenic acid) in the prevention of CVD still remain controversial (Harris, 2008 and Lecerf, 2009). High concentrations of FFA cause apoptosis and necrosis in lymphocytes (Gorjão et al., 2007), macrophages (Cury-Boaventura et al., 2006a) and neutrophils (Cury-Boaventura et al., 2006b and Hatanaka et al., 2006). In spite of this information, the effect of FA on endothelial cell (EC) death was poorly investigated. The sites where Linsitinib plaques develop are associated with increased EC turnover rate due to the occurrence of cell death (Xu, 2009). Endothelial microparticles are increased in patients with unstable coronary disease, and account for pro-coagulant activity of the plaque (Tan et al., 2005). This information led us to investigate the effect of FA on EC death. We studied the effects of the most abundant

fatty acids in the diet (stearic, oleic, linoleic and γ-linolenic acids) and ω-3 PUFA (EPA and DHA) that has being used as therapeutic agents in several pathological conditions (e.g. atherosclerosis selleck chemical and autoimmune diseases). We examined if ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA can protect EC from death induced by SA that is highly cytotoxic ADAMTS5 for several cell types (Harvey et al., 2010; De Lima-Salgado et al., 2011). ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA was also tested in combination with OA that presents low cytotoxicity (de Lima et al., 2006 and Levada-Pires et al., 2010). Neutral lipids (NL) and ROS contents were also determined. ECV-304 is a unique spontaneously transformed human umbilical vein endothelial cell and has several practical advantages over others endothelial cell lines such

as an enhanced and highly reproducible capacity for in vitro angiogenesis (Mutin et al., 1997). Besides that, human EC line ECV-304 was characterized and compared with human umbilical vein EC endothelial cell markers (Hughes, 1996, Mutin et al., 1997 and Wang et al., 2011). ECV-304 cells were maintained in RPMI-1640 culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) supplemented with glutamine (2 mM), HEPES (20 mM), streptomycin (10,000 g/mL) and sodium bicarbonate (24 mM). Cells were maintained at 37 °C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2. Cells were treated with SA or OA combined with LA, γA, EPA or DHA dissolved in ethanol. The concentrations used were based on preliminary studies. We used toxic concentrations of SA (150 μM) and OA (300 μM) acids. PUFA (ω-3 and ω-6) were used at 50 and 100 μM.

, 2003) and the MAJar3 monoclonal antibody was shown to be capable of binding to a number of venoms from snakes of different genera or families ( Tanjoni et al., 2003b). The observations that antibodies that selectively

recognize non-catalytic domains of jararhagin bind to a distinct number of different SVMPs and neutralize venom-induced hemorrhage raise important issues about the role of non-catalytic domains for SVMPs selleck screening library mechanism of action (discussed below) and present their epitopes as candidates for alternative protocols to produce recombinant antivenoms. Another interesting approach is the search of endogenous inhibitors for SVMPs in the serum of certain mammals and reptiles naturally resistant to snake venom that prey on venomous snakes. Two antihemorrhagic proteins belonging to the immunoglobulin supergene family have been isolated from the serum of the opossum Didelphis aurita: DM40 and DM43, ( Neves-Ferreira et al., 2000). DM43 inhibited the in vitro proteolytic activity and the in vivo hemorrhagic effect of jararhagin ( Neves-Ferreira et al., 2000, 2002). Additionally, when tested in vivo against crude B. jararaca venom, DM43 showed anti-lethal, anti-edematogenic and anti-hyperalgesic properties

( Neves-Ferreira et al., 2000). Similarly, BJ46a was isolated from the serum of B. jararaca snake and characterized as an SVMP inhibitor similar to members of the cystatin protein superfamily, which forms a non-covalent complex with jararhagin thus inhibiting its hemorrhagic and catalytic activities ( Valente et al., 2001). Chelating agents are also SVMP ITF2357 research buy inhibitors and promising agents to control venom-induced local tissue damage when administered together with serumtherapy. They have been successfully used for inhibiting most in vitro and in vivo metalloproteinase activities. The injection of a peptidomimetic

MMP inhibitor (Batimastat) and the chelating agent CaNa2EDTA in the same local site as the venom resulted in reduction of the local Resveratrol hemorrhagic and dermonecrotic effects in mice injected with Bothrops asper snake venom ( Rucavado et al., 2000). The pathogenesis induced by jararhagin is largely reliant on its Zn2+-dependent catalytic activity. The molecular and cellular events associated with microvessel disruption resulting in hemorrhage depend on proteolytic degradation of vascular basement membrane components (Baldo et al., 2010; Escalante et al., 2006). Proteolysis is also essential for the disruption of endothelial cell survival signals promoted by matrix anchorage leading these cells to apoptosis by anoikis (Tanjoni et al., 2005). Proteolysis of β1 subunit of the integrin receptor is a key factor for jararhagin effects on platelets, which then fails to recognize native collagens for aggregation (Kamiguti et al., 1996b). Besides, jararhagin pro-inflammatory activity is reduced after enzyme inactivation by chelating agents as EDTA or o-phenanthroline (Costa et al., 2002).

2E). Foci of epidermal erosion and mild acute inflammatory infiltrate as well as round collections of cellular debris in the upper dermis and epidermis were present (Fig. 2F). No hemorrhage was verified and very few blood vessels showed thrombosis. Superficial epidermal bacterial infection was present in Metabolism inhibitor one of the samples. After 48 h of injection, coagulative necrosis of skin, subcutaneous and skeletal muscle tissue was evident (Fig. 3A). The epidermis and the dermis showed mild acute inflammatory infiltrate and collections of cellular debris, characterizing micro-abscesses (Fig. 3B). Few blood vessels in the

dermis and subcutaneous tissue presented thrombosis. No hemorrhage was verified. After 72 h of injection, the necrotic tissue presented cellular debris

in the form of numerous round collections or diffuse infiltration, constituting a necrotic plaque focally detached from the deep tissue (Fig. 3C). Regenerative hyperplasia of epidermal cells appeared at the lesion borders (Fig. 3D). A mild inflammatory infiltrate was observed around viable blood vessels in the deep subcutaneous tissue. After 96 h of injection, the regenerative hyperplasia of epidermal cells at the necrotic skin border was more evident (Fig. 4A). The coagulative necrosis of the tissue was clear, affecting the skeletal muscle and presenting cellular debris infiltration. In one of the samples the epidermis was missing in some areas and superficial bacterial infection appeared (Fig. 4B). No hemorrhage or blood vessel thrombosis was detected. In animals of the Adriamycin Chlormezanone control group no evidence of necrosis was noted although mild edema and mononuclear cell infiltration of dermis and subcutaneous tissue were focally present. Moreover, control animals did not show any histological abnormalities in most of the skin, and subcutaneous and skeletal muscle tissue (Fig. 4C,D). There are few reports in literature on the toxic effects of freshwater

stingray venom. Under our experimental conditions, we verified that the tissue extract of P. falkneri could induce necrosis and an inflammatory reaction at the site of injection. These data are in agreement with reports of accidents in humans ( Haddad, 2000, Haddad et al., 2004 and Garrone Neto and Haddad, 2010). They are also in agreement with an experimental model ( Barbaro et al., 2007) demonstrating that necrosis and local inflammation are much more prominent in injuries caused by freshwater stingrays when compared with those caused by marine species. Our histological study demonstrated that necrosis occurs very soon after the exposure; foci of epidermal necrosis with initial detachment from the dermis were detected 3–6 h after extract injection. Moreover, at these times, signs of initial necrosis of skeletal muscle were observed.

For the other six R genes, appropriate differential isolates (for Pi12(t) and Pi20(t)) or mono-genic lines (for Pi6(t), Pi21(t), Pi58(t) and Pi157(t)) are lacking, and therefore we could not distinguish Pi61(t) from them. The availability of public sequence information for rice subspecies japonica cv. Nipponbare and the indica cv. 93-11 has enabled the development of high density molecular markers, and accelerated fine mapping of blast R

genes [21], [40], [69] and [70]. see more In this study, we verified that the sequenced indica rice cv. 93-11 conferred broad-spectrum resistance against multiple Chinese and Japanese M. grisea isolates, and identified two dominant blast R genes, Pi60(t) and Pi61(t), by using BSA-RCA linkage Akt inhibitor ic50 analysis combined with bioinformatics analyses. Pi60(t) was finely mapped to a 274 kb interval on chromosome 11, and Pi61(t) was finely mapped to a 200 kb interval on chromosome 12. Previously, Yang et al. [47] identified blast R gene Pi41 in cv. 93-11, at least 6.3 Mb (10276467–16582733) away from Pi61(t). These results indicated that 93-11 possessed at least three blast R genes, viz. Pi60(t), Pi61(t) and Pi41. Many relatively durable or broad-spectrum blast resistant rice cultivars

possess more than two R genes. IR64 [58] and [59], Moroberekan [49], [72], [73] and [74], Suweon 365 [11] and [75], Teqing [76], Sanhuangzhan 2 [50], Digu [26], [32] and [77] and Gumei 2 [51] possess at least 6, 5, 4, 3, 3, 3 and 3 blast R genes, respectively. On the other hand, single genes, such as Pi9, Pi2 (Piz-5), Piz-t, Piz and Pigm, were reported to confer broad-spectrum resistance [21], [24], [25] and [78]. In the case of 93-11, Pi41 was identified using isolates CHL724 and CHL743 from the cold japonica rice-growing region (Jilin of China) [47], whereas Pi60(t) was

identified using isolate 001-99-1 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase from an indica cropping region (Jiangsu of China), and Pi61(t) was identified using isolate 99-26-2 from a temperate japonica region (Hebei of China). To test the resistance specificity of Pi60(t), Pi61(t) and Pi41(t), we inoculated F2 populations of the cross LTH × 93-11 using 18 differential isolates (except 001-99-1 and 99-26-2) from different geographic origins, and genotyped 30–100 extremely susceptible F2 individuals from 13 small population-isolate combinations segregating in 3R:1S ratios using tightly-linked markers for Pi60(t), Pi61(t) and Pi41. Pi60(t) conferred resistance to four isolates, including two indica-derived isolates (one from Jiangsu and the other from Hunan of China), and two Japanese japonica-derived isolates. Pi61(t) conferred resistance to six isolates, including two indica-derived isolates (one from Guangdong and the other from Fujian of China) and four japonica-derived isolates (one each from Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Hebei and Beijing of China).

Introduction of the endoscope into the sub-mucosal space was easily achieved without need for electrosurgical

dissection. The scope appeared to have a piston effect by pushing the gel distally resulting in further dissection by the gel. In essence, the submucosal lifting gel created a tunnel by “auto-dissection” find more of the submucosal layer. The myotomy is performed by careful dissection of sling fibers at the cardia of the stomach. The incision was performed across the circular muscular layers.The dissection was gradually and carefully lengthened and deepened to the level of the longitudinal fibers.After successful myotomy, the entrance was closed using endoclips. This animal case demonstrates that using the Submucosal Dabrafenib mouse Lifting Gel for POEM procedures has some potential benefits; 1.The submucosal lifting gel appears to “Auto dissect” which would decrease the need for electrosurgical dissection using a knife

or needle, 2.The gel appears to have a tamponade effect, thereby minimizing bleeding, 3.The transparency of the gel allows excellent visibility of the submucosal space. “
“Secondary stricture formation is the major drawback for resections >3 cm or more than 75% of the esophageal circumference at esophageal ESD. In March 2011 we embarked on animal experiments regarding esophageal resection and re-transplantation of esophageal and gastric mucosal patches in pigs under an approved protocol (NLVL No: 33-42502-06/1151) for stricture prevention. CASE REPORT: A 72 y old man with swallowing difficulty (DG1); tabacco use of 20 py until >15 y ago. Prior rectal resection with sigma anus praeter for a T2 distal rectal cancer. EGD: Suspicion of early squamous cell cancer (Paris IIa; EUS UT1a, m, N0), >75% circum-ferential tumor spread within the cervical esophagus and upper sphincter area (17-25 cm aborally). Biopsy: SC HG-IEN. On April 13, 2011 we performed an EGD under general anesthesia with tracheal

intubation with first tubular ESD Diflunisal over 10 cm from the lower hypopharynx through the UES from 17-27 cm followed by a 9×4 cm ESD in the gastric antrum. The healthy gastric specimen retrieved was cut longitudinally into 3 mucosal stripes that were attached to the denuded esophageal muscular layer by means of hemoclips. The stripes were gently pressed against the wall by a non-covered self-expanding metal stent with the intent to allow also a luminal nutrition of the specimen. The sphincter area of 1.5 cm length had to be spared. The esophageal specimen showed a non-invasive low horny early squamous cell cancer (pT1a G2 L-, V-) and curative resection (R0; invasion depth of lamina propria max. 150 microns). Stent removal was performed at day 20 and was cumbersome due to local mucosal hyperplasia. However, multiple islets of gastric mucosa had successfully grown at the esophageal resection site. The patient was discharged on day 24 and regularly seen as outpatient.

Nonetheless, the effects of fishing were considered to be currently increasing and driving continuing Deterioration in condition in the Best10% of the SW and Worst10% check details of the E region. About 84% of the scores assigned to the impacts of pressures were considered to have either a High or Medium level of

confidence (Fig. 3b). This was the dominant pattern in the E and SE regions, where no pressure scores were assigned with Low confidence. In contrast, almost half of the pressure estimates assigned for the NW region were graded as Low in confidence. A similar pattern emerged for confidence in the pressure trends, although the trends in the SW were assigned with mainly Medium confidence, and in the N region

with mostly Low confidence (Fig. 3d). Cluster analysis of the full dataset (all regions, all components, all indicator data for condition, trends, confidence and pressures) distinguished the N region from the SE region at a high level in the classification, and these are separate from the E region and from the SW and NW regions (Fig. 4a). This cluster pattern reflects the substantive spatial differences in biodiversity and ecosystem health condition, pressures, information quality (based on confidence grades), TSA HDAC and trends across the national jurisdiction. The primary separation of the groups in this cluster is driven by differences in condition and trend in habitats and a number of species groups, and by differences in confidence. The subset of data containing biodiversity and ecosystem health components that occur and were scored in more than one region (21 habitats; 31 species Clomifene and species groups; 17

ecological processes; 17 physical and chemical processes; and 5 PIDA components – see Supplementary Material) show similar spatial and temporal patterns to those identified in the overall dataset. The uniqueness and group fidelity of conditions and trends for the biodiversity and ecosystem health components from each individual region are highlighted by the cluster analysis (Fig. 4b). The biodiversity and ecosystem health components occurring in 2 or more regions and found to be in worst condition (pooled indicators median score = 5 or less, Poor) include 10 species or species groups, 2 habitats, a physical process (condition of the East Australian Current) and an ecological process (trophic structure and relationships). The Poor condition of 10 of these 14 components is related to fishing or hunting pressures, some of which are historic and date to more than a century ago (such as hunting of fur seals) (Table 5).