In time course studies using different infective doses of VACV, we identified viral replication in the lungs of both CCR5(+/+) and CCR5(-/-) mice, yet there were diminished viral loads in the spleens and brains of CCR5(-/-) mice compared with CCR5(+/+) mice. Moreover,

in association with VACV infection, we provide evidence for CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell as well as CD11c(+) and F4/80(+) cell infiltration into the lungs of CCR5(+/+) but not CCR5(-/-) mice, and we show that the CCR5-expressing T cells harbor Fedratinib cost virus. We demonstrate that this CCR5 dependence is VACV specific, since CCR5(-/-) mice are as susceptible to intranasal influenza virus (A/WSN/33) infection as CCR5(+/+) mice. In a final series of experiments, we provide evidence that adoptive transfer of CCR5(+/+) bone marrow leukocytes into CCR5(-/-) mice restores VACV permissiveness, with evidence of lung and spleen infection. Taken together, our data suggest a novel role for CCR5 in VACV dissemination

in vivo.”
“Nitric oxide (NO), a free gaseous signaling molecule, is involved in the regulation of the cardiovascular, find more nervous and immune system. The neurotransmitter function of nitric oxide is dependent on dynamic regulation of its biosynthetic enzyme, nitric oxide synthase (NOS). There are three types of NOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase only (iNOS). Of the three NOS, we focus on nNOS in the present review. Brain nNOS exists in particulate and soluble forms and the differential

subcellular localization of nNOS may contribute to its diverse functions. Proteins bearing PDZ domains can interact directly with the PDZ domain of nNOS, influencing the subcellular distribution and/or activity of the enzyme. During the past several years, an increasing number of reports have demonstrated the importance of nNOS in a variety of synaptic signaling events. nNOS has been implicated in modulating physiological functions such as learning, memory, and neurogenesis, as well as being involved in a number of human diseases. In this review we concentrate on recent findings regarding the structural features, subcellular localization and factors regulating nNOS function. In particular, we conclude with a section discussing the role of nNOS in a wide range of physiological and pathological conditions. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“In C57BL/6 (B6) mice, most herpes simplex virus (HSV)-specific CD8 T cells recognize a strongly immunodominant epitope on glycoprotein B (gB(498)) and can inhibit HSV type 1 (HSV-1) reactivation from latency in trigeminal ganglia (TG). However, half of the CD8 T cells retained in latently infected TG of B6 mice are not gB(498) specific and have been largely ignored.