Therefore, our results suggest that a complete representation of sounds emerges only at a global scale, potentially encompassing whole auditory fields. This is in line with the observation that arrays of local field potential recordings in the human brain are sufficient to retrieve much of the information about

sounds despite their lack of spatial precision and their inability to account for single-neuron activity (Pasley et al., 2012). Thus, our results corroborate the idea that the function of the auditory cortex is dominated by broad scale dynamics in which groups of hundreds of neurons rather than single neurons form the functional units. Our results also demonstrate that these functional Olaparib cell line units are capable of producing discrete network Protease Inhibitor Library states. The discrete nature of local response modes is highlighted by the fact that when two modes are observed at the same location they cannot simultaneously coexist, and transitions between these between the two response modes are highly nonlinear (Figure 5).

This observation is further corroborated by the comparison of response patterns elicited by mixed sound stimuli and by their individual components which reveals that subnetworks corresponding to two modes interact in a competitive fashion (see Figures 5H and S5; Kurt et al., 2008). This dynamics could result of large scale excitatory and in particular inhibitory interactions generating collective, attractor-like dynamics (Hopfield, 1982) and may be an optimal strategy to encode information under noisy conditions (Tkacik et al., 2010). Based on theoretical considerations, discrete network states have been proposed to underlie the formation of categories and objects in brain circuits (Hopfield, 1982). However, it is only recently that experimental evidence Ergoloid for such dynamics has been obtained (Niessing and Friedrich, 2010; Wills et al.,

2005). Our observation that, in naive mice, various novel sounds trigger the same local response pattern indicates that local AC ensembles spontaneously form categories of stimuli independent of prior training to specific sounds. We show that discrete representations measured by calcium imaging quantitatively reflect spontaneous categorization of sounds measured in a behavioral task. Therefore, the discrete network dynamics in AC are compatible with behaviorally measured perceptual categorization. Predictions of the categorization behavior are based on a linear classifier (SVM). This classifier is mathematically equivalent to a binary neuron that would be linearly summing up inputs from the recorded auditory cortex neurons (Shawe-Taylor and Cristianini, 2000), similar to the perceptron model (Rosenblatt, 1958). Interestingly, such a simple architecture allowed us to predict the behavioral response even when mice alternated between two choices with close to 50% probability (Figure 7D).