The left and right hippocampus Idelalisib price were reduced in volume, and no other MTL structure showed significant volume reduction. Patient 3 suffered a mild hypoxic episode as a result

of a cardiac arrest and has presumed selective hippocampal damage (Gadian et al., 2000, Hopkins et al., 1995, Kono et al., 1983, Rempel-Clower et al., 1996 and Smith et al., 1984). This patient has a defibrillator and is thus unable to undergo structural MRI scanning to confirm the extent and selectivity of the damage. Patient 4 had viral encephalitis and as a result has extensive volume loss and encephalomalacia in the right temporal lobe, right hippocampus/MTL, and right orbitofrontal cortex. He was assessed by a neurologist at the University of California, Davis, Medical Center. The extent of damage was determined from the patient’s MRI scan. Patient 5 had a craniotomy in the left temporal region to remove an astrocytoma and an arachnoid cyst. The surgery was a standard left anterior temporal lobe resection, in which approximately 4 cm of the anterior temporal lobe, including the anterior third of the hippocampus and the amygdala, were removed. The rest of the brain appeared normal on a clinical MRI scan. These assessments were made by neurologists at the Veteran’s

Affairs clinic in Martinez, CA. Controls. None of the controls AZD6244 clinical trial (n = 10) had any history of neurological or psychological disorders and all performed normally on neuropsychological tests. Patients and controls were not included in the study if they had a history of drug use or evidence of gross visual problems despite corrective glasses. To determine total gray matter volume for each individual, each individual’s high-resolution structural scan was segmented into gray matter, white matter, no and CSF. The spm_read_vols function (SPM8; http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm8)

was then used to determine the number of voxels in the segmented gray matter. In order to determine gray matter volume in each MTL subregion, each subregion was manually traced on individual native-space MPRAGE images. The subregions were delineated using criteria outlined by Insausti et al., 1998 and Duvernoy and Bourgouin, 1998, and Zeineh et al. (2001). The number of voxels in the masks for each subregion was determined using the spm_read_vols function. The stimuli, design, and procedure were identical to a study conducted with young adults (Aly and Yonelinas, 2012; Expt. 2C). One hundred sixty colored photographs of scenes served as experimental stimuli; an additional four were used for practice. For each stimulus, two altered versions were created in Adobe Photoshop. The first was expanded outward slightly using the “spherize” option and the second was contracted inward slightly using the “pinch” option. The experiment consisted of 1 block of 160 trials. Eighty trials were “same” trials in which identical stimuli were presented (i.e., two of the same “pinched” or “spherized” stimulus, with these trial types occurring equally often).