subtilis sigI-rsgI promoter (Asai et al., 2007).

Interestingly, both putative −35 and −10 regions in the B. subtilis sigI-rsgI promoter as well as those in experimentally confirmed promoters of C. thermocellum contain nucleotides described as characteristic of ECF σ-dependent promoters (Qiu & Helmann, 2001; Helmann, 2002; Staroñet al., 2009). Analysis of DNA sequences upstream of genes encoding cellulose-degrading enzymes and cellulosome-associated proteins of the C. thermocellum (Table 1) suggests that some of these genes may be regulated via the interaction of σI-like factors with RsgI-like proteins. Nevertheless, it is currently difficult to assess the precise location and nucleotide composition of the presumed −35 region, due to the lack of the Sigma70_r4_2 domain in the C. thermocellumσI-like factors (Fig. S2). The find more extracellular CBMs of the putative anti-σI-like proteins in C. thermocellum can play a role as potential sensors of the status of the biomass Omipalisib molecular weight in

the extracellular medium. As shown in the proposed model (Fig. 4), in the absence of a substrate, the σI-like factor is bound to the cytoplasmic N-terminal subdomain of the RsgI-like protein. When the appropriate polysaccharide interacts with the corresponding RsgI-borne CBM, a signal is transferred, whereby the σI is released from the RsgI-like subdomain. σI then associates with RNAP, which transcribes the target gene(s), including those that code for various carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and cellulosomal structural components, as well as the σI/RsgI-like operon itself. The different CBMs are specific Roflumilast for different plant cell wall polysaccharides, and the specificity is maintained in the respective σI-like factors, which induce different sets of CAZyme genes (coding for GHs, carbohydrate esterases and/or polysaccharide lyases), located at various loci on the genome. To date, very limited knowledge has accumulated regarding the regulation of cellulosomal and related cellulase genes involved in plant cell wall degradation. Our findings indicate that the C. thermocellum

genome encodes multiple copies of putative σI- and RsgI-like proteins, which may be involved in novel regulatory mechanisms that govern crucial processes in this archetypical cellulolytic bacterium, including the formation and function of the cellulosome complex. Multiple σI/RsgI-like systems may thus coordinate substrate-specific regulation of cellulosomal subunit composition and additional components of the plant cell wall-degrading system of C. thermocellum to reflect changing growth conditions. We are currently addressing experimentally the functional components of the C. thermocellum RsgI-like proteins (Nataf et al., 2010), including their specific binding to cognate σI-like proteins, their functional association with the cell membrane, their effect on transcription and more detailed analyses of their CBMs and other C-terminal domains.