Spirochete burdens were also reduced in quadriceps muscle (3,730 ± 1,412 SD vs 58,640 ± 74,839 SD), but differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.07). Next, groups of 5 immunocompetent C3H mice were inoculated with 105 wild-type or Δarp3 spirochetes, and then necropsied www.selleckchem.com/products/Vorinostat-saha.html on days 14, 28 and 42. Tissues were examined for arthritis and carditis, and flaB Q-PCR was performed on sub-inoculation site, heart base, ventricular muscle, tibiotarsus and quadriceps muscle. Inoculation sites of all mice were culture-positive at each interval tested, but none of the CRT0066101 clinical trial Urinary bladders of mice inoculated with Δarp3 were culture-positive at 14 days, suggesting

delayed dissemination, or reduced sensitivity Z-DEVD-FMK due to lower tissue burdens (Table 2). Compared to inoculation site, urinary bladders were less consistently culture-positive in both groups of mice, underscoring the greater accuracy of PCR for assessing dissemination and tissue burdens (Table 3). At 14 days, 1/5 wild-type inoculated mice had 1+ inflammation of the tibiotarsus and 5/5 had carditis, whereas none of the Δarp3 inoculated mice had inflammatory lesions in joints or heart at this interval. At 28 days, 5/5 wild-type inoculated mice had both arthritis (1.6 ± 0.5 SD severity) and carditis, whereas only 1/5 Δarp3 inoculated mice

had carditis and none had arthritis. At 42 days, 3/3 wild-type inoculated mice continued to have arthritis (1.5 ± 0.5 SD) and carditis, and 1/5 Δarp3 mice had arthritis (1+ severity) and 2/5 had carditis. PCR-positive tissue samples at all intervals indicated that wild-type infected mice had higher spirochete burdens in tissues compared to Δarp3 infected mice (Figure 2). At day 14, most tissues from wild-type inoculated mice were PCR-positive, whereas very few tissues from Δarp3 inoculated mice were PCR-positive (Table 3). The rate of PCR-positive Oxymatrine tissues increased in the

Δarp3 inoculated mice on days 28 and 42 to rates similar to wild-type infected mice, but flaB DNA copy numbers were consistently lower. Table 2 Outcome of infection of C3H mice with wild-type vs. arp null (Δarp3) Borrelia burgdorferi at intervals (days) after inoculation   Culture Inflammation Day Inoculum Inoc. site Urinary bladder Tibiotarsus Knee Heart 14 wild-type 5/5* 3/5 1/5 0/5 5/5   Δarp3 5/5 0/5 0/5 0/5 0/5 28 wild-type 5/5 4/5 5/5 4/5 5/5   Δarp3 5/5 2/4** 0/5 0/5 1/5 42 wild-type 3/3 2/3 3/3 0/3 1/3   Δarp3 4/4** 5/5 1/5 0/5 2/5 * number positive/number tested. ** one culture sample contaminated. Table 3 Rate of PCR ( flaB DNA) positivity of sub-inoculation site, heart base, ventricular muscle, quadriceps muscle and tibiotarsus tissue from C3H mice at intervals (days) after inoculation with wild-type vs.