Since a constant value that is rotated i-times (i + 1, i + 2, and i + 3 times) is used for the i-th round, it is rotated 1 bit left for every round. Since the constant used for the i-th round is located at the c0 register, its value is exactly ROLi(��imod 4). The remaining ROLi+1(��imod 4), ROLi+2(��imod 4), and ROLi+3(��imod4) are generated from corresponding ROL1, ROL2, and ROL3 operations. In the figure, no rotation consumes any logical gates because they can be easily implemented by crossing some wires. Thus, the logic requires only 128 flip-flops.Figure 2.Constant scheduling logic structure for speed-optimized LEA hardware.3.2. Constant Value Schedule Logic for Area-Optimized ImplementationTo m
Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technology is widely studied for various applications, with electrochemical reactions being utilized to perform detection, pumping, separation, and capillary electrophoresis [1�C4].
Electrochemical detection is one of the most critical processes to determine the performance of a LOC device. Especially in biosensing devices using microfluidic chips, electrochemical detection has been recognized to provide easier detection technology and the wider applicability than the conventional fluorescence technology, because it does not need labeling for target analytes, light sources for excitation and had no transparent material limit for substrates [5]. As a result, various biosensing devices using electrochemical transducers have been developed in the last decade with high sensitivity corresponding to the results achievable using fluorescent labeling methods [6�C9].
In addition to the sensitivity, device reliability is another issue to be ensured, even in laboratory-level experiments, for accurate detection with high sensitivity [10]. To obtain higher reliability in electrochemical detection, sample preparation methods and analyte selection have been the focus so far. These components are related to the performance of the transducer which generates the electrochemical detection signal. However, the components of the electrical signal path after the transducer such as conductive metal lines, electrodes and probes have not been investigated, and these components might have been assumed to work ideally without degradation of reliability.This assumption is based on the metallization of gold for conductive layers as well as the electrodes of the LOC.
The electrical properties of Carfilzomib gold are excellent enough to remove any concerns about degradation of signal-to-noise. Contrary to its superior electrical properties, the mechanical properties of gold are inferior to those of other metals. The shear modulus and Vickers hardness of gold are 27 GPa and 216 MPa, respectively, which are only about one sixth and one sixteenth, compared to tungsten, one of the hard metals [11].