One could speculate that the properties of the OMPLA- variant could be useful when transferring from one human stomach to another. Conclusions In summary, we have confirmed important biological processes and pathways affected by H. pylori infection of gastric epithelial cells described by many other authors. IL-8 was the single most differentially regulated gene among more than 38 000 genes tested, and seems fundamental in the epithelial cell reaction to H. pylori demonstrated by its involvement in the majority of Selleckchem SBI-0206965 the response processes that we have identified. Several intracellular signaling pathways are significantly impacted,

such as the epithelial cell signaling in H. pylori infection pathway including the MAPK and NF-κB pathways, however none of these pathways seem to explain the very rapid up-regulation of IL-8 seen at 3 h. Furthermore, we have observed differential expression of Ferrostatin-1 datasheet both stimulatory and inhibitory apoptosis genes, suggesting dysregulation of apoptosis following H. pylori infection. Apoptotic p53 target genes showed little changes in regulation, whereas many non-apoptotic p53 target genes demonstrated

a marked increase in expression. This phenomenon may be explained by selective inhibition of p53 caused by the ASPP2-CagA interaction. Lastly, although gastric carcinogenesis is a very delayed consequence of H. pylori infection, we have seen up-regulation of cancer-related signaling, as well as aberrant regulation of oncogenes and TSGs Rucaparib clinical trial as early as the first 24 h of infection. The work presented in this study does not support the previous suggestion that OMPLA enzyme activity enhances inflammatory response induced by H. pylori in epithelial cells. However, the phase shift seen in the pldA gene probably plays a role in other aspects in the life of the bacterium. Methods Human gastric epithelial cells were infected by the OMPLA+ and OMPLA- H. pylori, and mRNA and protein were sampled at 6 different time

points within the first 24 h. The co-cultures were studied by immunofluorescent microscopy at 3 and 6 h to study bacterial adhesion and cell morphological changes. First, human whole genome cDNA microarray analysis was conducted to study gene expression changes in the H. pylori-exposed cells. Second, the epithelial cell response to the OMPLA+ variant was compared against the OMPLA- variant. Third, IL-8 levels were analyzed by real-time PCR and ELISA to verify the microarray results. Last, a dose-response experiment was performed to ensure adequate bacterial inocula. Bacterial strain and variants The bacterial strain, H. pylori 17B/RH, a representative isolate displaying pldA phase variation, was isolated from a non-ulcer dyspeptic patient referred to outpatient endoscopy and maintained at -70°C [13].