Okuyemi, Faseru, Sanderson Cox, Bronars, and Ahluwalia (2007) compared smoking abstinence rates for nonmenthol and menthol cigarette smokers among 755 Blacks in a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial examining placebo check details and nicotine gum. All participants were light smokers with a rate of ��10 cigarettes/day, and 81.7% smoked menthol cigarettes. At 26 weeks postrandomization, nonmenthol smokers were more likely to quit than menthol cigarette smokers, 18.8% and 11.2%, respectively (p = .015). Data from the 2005 U.S. National Health Interview Survey were used to examine the relationship between race/ethnicity, menthol smoking, and cessation in a nationally representative sample of 7,815 adults who were current and former cigarette smokers and had made a quit attempt (Gundersen, Delnevo, & Wackowski, 2009).

The proportion of the total sample who were menthol cigarette smokers was 26.5%. Findings indicated that the association between menthol smoking and cessation differed between Whites and Blacks and Whites and Hispanics. Non-White menthol smokers were significantly less likely to have quit smoking (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.55, p < 0.01) compared with their nonmenthol smoking counterparts. In contrast, among Whites, menthol smokers were more likely to be former smokers than nonmenthol smokers (AOR = 1.17, p < 0.05). In the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study, smoking cessation behavior and risk factors for coronary artery disease were measured from 1985 to 2000 among 1,544 smokers aged 18�C30 years at enrollment.

Among Blacks, 89% preferred menthol cigarettes compared with 29% of European Americans (Pletcher et al., 2006). While there were no differences in cessation rates by cigarette type, there was a significant increase in relapse risk among menthol versus nonmenthol cigarette smokers (OR = 1.89, p = .009). In a secondary analysis of a bupropion clinical trial with 600 Black smokers, nonmenthol smokers less than 50 years of age were more likely to have quit smoking (OR = 2.0, CI = 1.03�C3.95) at 6 weeks postenrollment than menthol cigarette smokers (Okuyemi et al., 2003). The sample was composed of 78.5% menthol cigarette smokers and 22% nonmenthol smokers. In summary, five of these eight studies assessing smoking cessation and menthol cigarette use provide evidence of lower quit rates or higher relapse rates among menthol cigarette smokers.

Studies with negative findings were with unique samples of female prisoners, male veterans, and individuals with chronic Carfilzomib lung impairment. Discussion The sensory effects of menthol cigarettes in increasing the reinforcing effects of nicotine in cigarettes was evidenced in studies that investigated the qualitative sensory effects of menthol cigarettes, subjective measures of menthol cigarette use on nicotine dependence, and the impact of menthol cigarette use on smoking cessation.