Model 2 tested the adjusted relationship between menthol use status and continuous smoking abstinence by including age, race/ethnicity, partner status, income, kinase inhibitor Pazopanib education, the number of prequit cigarettes smoked per day, and the time to the first cigarette of the day. Model 3 tested the interaction of menthol use status and race/ethnicity by additionally including the interaction term in the adjusted model. All models additionally controlled for treatment group and time. Secondary analyses were also conducted to ensure that any effects resulting from the primary analyses were resilient to the inclusion of the 27 participants who declined to provide data on their income. This was accomplished by assigning those with missing income data to a ��refused to answer�� income category so that their data would be maintained in adjusted analyses (see Ko et al.

, 2010; Quach et al., 2011 for precedent) and re-running the analyses described above. Results Participant Characteristics Participants (N = 244) were racially/ethnically diverse (33% African American, 31% Latina, 36% White) women with an average age of 25 years (Table 1). The sample was almost evenly divided by menthol use status (menthol users n = 123, non-menthol users n = 121). Participant characteristics by menthol use status are in Table 1. Menthol users were significantly younger than non-menthol users and smoked fewer cigarettes per day. There were also significant differences between menthol and non-menthol users by race/ethnicity, partner status, income, and educational achievement. Table 1.

Participant Characteristics by Menthol Use Status Primary Analyses Menthol users had nonsignificantly lower rates of continuous abstinence than non-menthol users at both follow-up points. Longitudinal analyses indicated that menthol cigarette use did not significantly predict continuous abstinence from smoking through 26 weeks postpartum in analyses adjusted for treatment group and time (Model 1: �� = ?.24, SE = .23; ��2 = 1.05; p = .31; n [number of observations] = 331) or in analyses adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, partner status, income, and education, treatment group, cigarettes smoked per day, time to the first cigarette of the day, and time (Model 2: �� = ?.32, SE = .30; ��2 = 1.12; p = .29; n = 297). However, the menthol use status by race/ethnicity interaction was significant (Model 3: �� = ?.59, SE = .34; ��2 = 7.93; p = .02; n = 297). Follow-up racial/ethnic specific subgroup analyses indicated that menthol use status predicted abstinence among White women in adjusted analyses (�� = ?1.62, SE = .76; ��2 = 4.49; p = .03; Brefeldin_A n = 108, odds ratio = .19 [.04?.89]). White menthol users were less likely to maintain continuous abstinence than White non-menthol users.