Microfluidic systems now enable high throughput miRNA PCR profiling with small amounts of input

sample RNA, enabling analysis of small biopsies, limited volumes of body fluids, or even formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded archival material.20 The hybridization AZD2014 mw kinetics of oligonucleotides have been enhanced through the incorporation of locked nucleic acid monomers, which provide an advantage for PCR and in situ hybridization21 and also enhance the potential for employing anti-miRNA strategies in therapeutic roles.22,23 The suggestion of organ-specific roles for miRNAs emerged with the demonstration of tissue-restricted miRNA expression, including clusters of miRNAs that are expressed specifically in the kidney.24 Conversely, the absence or lower levels of particular

miRNAs in the kidney compared with other organs may permit renal specific expression of target proteins that are important for kidney function.24,25 Examples of miRNAs that are more abundant in the kidney compared with other organs include miR-192, miR-194, miR-204, miR-215 and miR-216. Tian et al. established the first differential profile of miRNA expression between the renal cortex and medulla of rats indicating a potential role in tissue specification.26 However, cell type-specific miRNAs in the kidney have not yet been reported. A critical role of miRNA regulation Selleck LY2835219 in the progression of glomerular and tubular damage, and the development of proteinuria have been suggested by studies in mice with podocyte-specific deletion of Dicer.27–29 All three reports showed major renal abnormalities in these mice including proteinuria, podocyte foot process effacement, glomerular basement membrane abnormalities, podocyte apoptosis, podocyte depletion

and mesangial expansion. very There was a rapid progression of renal disease with initial development of albuminuria followed by pathological features of glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. This led to renal failure and death by 6–8 weeks. It is likely that these phenotypes are due to the global loss of miRNAs because of Dicer deletion, but given multiple miRNAs and their myriad targets, the precise pathways responsible require identification. These investigators also identified specific miRNA changes, for example, the downregulation of the miR-30 family when Dicer was deleted. Of relevance, the miR-30 family was found to target connective tissue growth factor, a profibrotic molecule that is also downstream of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β.30 Thus, the targets of these miRNAs may regulate critical glomerular and podocyte functions. These findings have also been complemented by an elegant study revealing a developmental role for the miR-30 family during pronephric kidney development in Xenopus.