Methods The PharmaNet database in BC includes all prescriptions YM155 solubility dmso dispensed in community pharmacies since April 1991. PharmaNet includes a field that differentiates between claims accepted for PharmaCare (BC public drug plan) coverage from those paid through private insurance or out-of-pocket. In Ontario, only claims processed through the provincial public drug plan (Ontario Drug Benefits) were identifiable—these include drugs listed in the provincial formulary (Table 1) for all residents aged 65 or more years [5, 6]. Table 1 Notice of compliance dates for osteoporosis

medications and current public formulary listing status in British Columbia and Ontario [5, 11] Drug Strength Regimen Notice of compliancea BC PharmaCare listing status Ontario Drug Benefit Formulary listing status Bisphosphonate  Etidronate and calcium 400/500 mg tab 14 days oral etidronate then 76 days oral calcium 19 Jul 1995 General benefits (since 1995) General benefits (since 1996)  Alendronate 10 mg tab Daily—oral 18 Dec 1995 Limited coverageb General benefits (since January 2007)c 70 mg tab Weekly—oral 04 Feb 2002  Risedronate 5 mg tab Daily—oral 17 Jul 2000 Limited coverageb General benefits 35 mg tab Weekly—oral 09 Dec 2002 (since June 2007)c 75 mg tab Monthly—oral (2 consecutive days) 17 Jul 2007 Not listed Not listed 150 mg tab Monthly—oral 24

Sep 2008 Not listed General benefits (since July 2010)  Zoledronic acid 5 mg/100 ml Annual infusion 29 Oct 2007 Not listed Limited Janus kinase (JAK) PRI-724 concentration coveraged Other  Calcitonin 200 U/spr Daily—nasal spray 01 Sep 1999 Not listed Limited coveragee  Denosumab 60 mg/ml Semi-annual injection 06 Aug 2010 Not listed Not listed  Raloxifene 60 mg tab Daily—oral 06 Nov 1998 Limited coveragef Limited coverageg  Teriparatide 250 μg/ml Daily—subcutaneous injection

03 Jun 2004 Not listed Not listed General benefits covered without restriction, Limited coverage covered if specific clinical criteria have been met, Not listed not covered unless approved through Individual Clinical Review aNotice of compliance dates provided only for the first available dosing of each agent. We have not included oral bisphosphonate combination therapy bAvailable through special authority: clinical or radiographically documented fracture due to osteoporosis or patients who are receiving or expected to receive the equivalent of 7.5 mg/day of prednisone equivalent for 90 consecutive days or longer cLimited use history, Nov 2000 (alendronate) and Mar 2001 (risedronate): failedg etidronate therapy or experience intractable side effects with etidronate or documented allergy which precludes continuation with etidronate therapy; Apr 2003 (alendronate/risedronate): above or two of the following three criteria: (1) bone mineral density T-score <−3.