Likewise, an Ug99 variant virulent to both Sr21 and Sr24 was identified in 2008 in Kenya. Simultaneously, the original strain spread to Yemen and Sudan in 2006. Fears of a spread into Asia were confirmed when this race was detected in Iran in 2007. This has raised serious concerns that Ug99 could follow the same migratory route from Africa to Asia as Yr9 and cause major epidemics across the epidemiological region check details of South Asia. In 2005–06, screening in Kenya and Ethiopia of wheat materials from Asian countries revealed a very

low frequency of lines resistant to Ug99 and its variants. Under the umbrella of the Borlaug Global Rust Initiative (BGRI), significant efforts have been made to counter the challenges posed by Ug99 and its derivative races. Diverse sources of resistance to the pathogen have been identified and incorporated in high-yielding wheat backgrounds. The most promising strategy has been to deploy spring Alectinib wheat

varieties possessing adult plant resistance (APR) in infested and bordering areas to decrease inoculum amounts and slow down the development of new virulence, for example four CIMMYT genotypes with Sr2+ have been released in Afghanistan and their seed is also distributed in region bordering Iran. For an immediate remedy, race-specific resistance genes can be deployed in combinations using marker-assisted selection. Several Ug99-resistant varieties have already been released in South Asian countries (Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan), and seed dissemination is underway. The Ug99 risk in the region can be reduced to minimum levels by identifying, releasing and providing seed of high-yielding and resistant cultivars. “
“Cross-protection has been used successfully and commercially to control a range of virus diseases for which the selection of suitable mild strains of plant viruses is necessary. Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) is highly pathogenic on Arabidopsis selleck chemical plants and its silencing suppressor-defective mutant, TCVΔCP, can induce highly localized RNA silencing which is differs from

that of other protective strains. We found that TCVΔCP provides some protection against wild-type TCV but lacks complete protection, and the relative locations of the protective virus and challenge virus affect the degree of cross-protection. However, similar cross-protection afforded by TCVΔCP is not observed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. As expected, TCVΔCP pre-infected Arabidopsis plants fail to protect against infection with the unrelated Cucumber mosaic virus, strain Fhy. It appears that cross-protection afforded by TCVΔCP requires that the challenge virus be very similar in sequence, which is a characteristic of RNA silencing. In order to investigate whether the protection is associated with the highly localized RNA silencing, mutant plants involved in key silencing pathway genes of RNA silencing machinery, including dcl2, dcl4 and triple dcl2/dcl3/dcl4 mutants were used.