It is linked to the onset of psychological problems such as depression (Carroll et al., 2003) and is also a major cause of work absence, leading to substantial economic consequences (Wynne-Jones et al., 2008). LBP is therefore a significant public health problem. Although many LBP sufferers do not recover completely (Hestbaek et al., 2003), fewer than one-third seek healthcare (Carey et al., 1996 and McKinnon et al., 1997). As LBP is so common, this means 6–9% of adults seek healthcare for LBP annually (Croft et al., 1998, Dunn and Croft, 2005 and Royal College of General Practitioners,

1995). It is therefore a considerable burden on primary care, where Volasertib chemical structure most LBP management occurs, and several studies have investigated prognosis in primary care (Lanier and Stockton, 1988, Von Korff et al., 1993, Coste et al., 1994, Klenerman et al., 1995, Croft et al., 1998, van den Hoogen et al., 1998, Reis et al., 1999, Schiøttz-Christensen et al., 1999, Carey et al., 2000, Nyiendo et al., 2001, Burton et al., 2004, Jones et al., 2006 and Mallen et

al., 2007). These studies have focused on prognostic ability, including factors measuring pain intensity and widespreadness, disability and psychological status, but have not investigated the proportion of poor prognosis that is related to each factor. Population attributable fractions (PAFs) are used in aetiological research to estimate the public health impact of removing a putative cause of disease from a population. They depend on the strength

of association between cause and effect, and on the population prevalence of the causal factor – because smoking KPT-330 is common, the proportion of lung cancer attributed to it is high and the effect of removing smoking on lung cancer occurrence is substantial. This is an advantage over presentation of relative risks (RRs), as rare exposures with high RRs may not present good population intervention targets. Such calculations can also be applied to prognostic factors in presenting illness or established disease – the population in this case is everyone with the illness, and the calculation refers to outcome rather than disease onset. When identifying sub-groups for treatment targeting, factors identifying high-risk patients are not necessarily causal, and therefore standard PAF interpretation – that the relationship being quantified is causal – might not apply. Electron transport chain However, the PAF calculation itself provides useful information on prognostic markers, or groups in which to target interventions, and gives clear methods for comparing the impact of new interventions. For example, if two prognostic indicators have similar associations with outcome, but one is common and the other rare, intervening on the common factor would have greater public health impact. We therefore aimed to determine the risk factors for poor prognosis – and their relative contributions to outcome – in adults consulting with LBP in primary care.