In addition, inset b in Figure 2 shows the photographs for the aqueous dispersions of Cs0.33WO3 powder before and after grinding

for 3 h. It was observed clearly that the aqueous dispersion of Cs0.33WO3 powder before grinding was quite unstable. They precipitated completely in a few minutes. However, after grinding for 3 h, a homogeneous and stable aqueous dispersion of Cs0.33WO3 nanoparticles with a mean hydrodynamic AP26113 mouse diameter of 50 nm could be obtained. Figure 2 Variation of mean hydrodynamic diameter of Cs 0.33 WO 3 powder with grinding time. Inset a indicates the hydrodynamic diameter distributions of Cs0.33WO3 powder after grinding for 1, 2, and 3 h. Inset b shows the photographs for the aqueous dispersions of Cs0.33WO3 powder before and after grinding for 3 h. Typical TEM images of the Cs0.33WO3 powder before grinding and after grinding for different times were shown in Figure 3. It was obvious that the BMN 673 research buy Cs0.33WO3 powder before

grinding had a large particle size. After grinding, the resulting particles had an irregular shape because they were debris from the collisions with grinding beads during the milling process. Furthermore, with increasing buy C646 the grinding time, the particle size became smaller and more uniform. This result was consistent with the abovementioned observation of hydrodynamic diameter and confirmed that the Cs0.33WO3 nanoparticles with uniform size could be obtained by a stirred bead milling process. Figure 3 Typical TEM images of the Cs 0.33 WO 3 powder. These images are before grinding (a) and after grinding for 1 (b), 2 (c), and 3 h (d). Figure 4 shows the XRD patterns of the Cs0.33WO3 powder before grinding and after grinding for different times. It was found that, before grinding, the characteristic peaks of Cs0.33WO3 powder corresponding to the (002), (200), (112), (202), (212), (220), (204), (312), (400),

and (224) planes of hexagonal structure as indicated in the JCPDS file (PCPDFWIN v.2.02, PDF no. 831334) were observed. After grinding, the XRD patterns had no significant change except that the Rutecarpine characteristic peaks became broader. This revealed that the bead milling process did not result in the crystal structure change of Cs0.33WO3 nanoparticles. As for the broader characteristic, it was due to the decrease in particle size. In addition, it was mentionable that ZrO2 might be present in the Cs0.33WO3 nanoparticles as a contaminant generally because the grinding beads might be crushed during the stirred bead milling process. However, no significant characteristic peaks for monoclinic and cubic ZrO2 were observed in Figure 4. This might be due to the much lower hardness of Cs0.33WO3 powder than the yttrium-stabilized zirconia grinding beads; thus, it revealed that the contamination from grinding beads could be neglected. Figure 4 XRD patterns of the Cs 0.33 WO 3 powder.