hpa.org.uk/Topics/InfectiousDiseases/InfectionsAZ/CarbapenemResistance/GuidanceOnCarbapenamProducers/), and in many other European countries.12 Lepelletier et al.11 describe the guidelines introduced to identify carriage of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci or carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae

by French or foreign nationals who need hospital treatment in France after hospital admission overseas. Guidelines are the first step, but it is essential also to promote awareness and uptake of them. For many gram-negative pathogens the balance has tipped toward multi-resistance and away from a pipeline of promising new antibiotics in development. Acquired carbapenemases, such as NDM-1, confer resistance to almost Tofacitinib solubility dmso all β-lactams. We must prevent the loss of our most frequently used antibiotic class, and must preserve all antibacterial agents that are available to us. The entire international community must accept shared responsibility for this global crisis. We should view antibiotics, β-lactams in particular, as a potentially endangered “species”; there will be “poachers” who disregard the conservation efforts of others, but concerted international efforts may make a difference. N. W. has received research grants and conference support from numerous pharmaceutical companies. He is employed by the Health Protection Agency and is influenced

by its views on antibiotic use and resistance. None of these interests pose a conflict of interest with the content of this article. “
“Background. Up to 60% of the US visitors to Mexico develop travelers’ diarrhea (TD). In Mexico, rates of diarrhea have been associated with MG-132 order the rainy season and increase in ambient temperature. However, the seasonality of the various diarrheagenic

Escherichia coli pathotypes in travelers has not been well described. Objective. A study was undertaken to determine if ambient temperature and rainfall have an impact on the acquisition of TD due to different diarrheagenic Histone demethylase E coli pathotypes in Mexico. Methods. We conducted a cohort study of the US adult students traveling to Cuernavaca, Mexico, who were followed during their stay and provided a stool sample with the onset of TD. The presence of E coli was analyzed by a direct fecal multiplex polymerase chain reaction for common E coli pathotypes including enterotoxigenic, enteropathogenic, enteroinvasive, shiga toxin-producing, and enteroaggregative E coli (ETEC, EPEC, EIEC, STEC, and EAEC respectively). The presence of pathotypes was correlated with daily rainfall, average, maximum, and minimum temperatures. Results. A total of 515 adults were enrolled from January 2006 to February 2007. The weekly attack rate of TD for newly arrived travelers was lower in the winter months (range 6.8%–16.3%) than in summer months (range 11.5%–25%; p = 0.05). The rate of ETEC infection increased by 7% for each degree centigrade increase in weekly ambient temperature (p = 0.003).