Figure 8 Effect of the zinc on the biofilms formed by typical EAEC strains isolated from children with diarrhea and controls. The data represent the average percent reduction in biofilm formation obtained after three independent assays at least. Solid squares represent the reduction displayed by strains recovered from persistent diarrhea (> 14 days); solid circles represent the reduction displayed by strains recovered from diarrhea lasting 12 days; and open circles represent the reduction displayed by strains isolated from diarrhea lasting 10 days or less.

Reductions in biofilm formation displayed by strains isolated from healthy children are represented by triangles. Dotted line indicates the average reduction displayed by the prototype EAEC strain 042. This approach suggested that typical EAEC strains use distinct adherence factors to form biofilms. Moreover, the assays showed that most of EAEC recovered from Entinostat in vivo diarrhea employ putative F pili

as central factors during biofilm formation. On the other hand, EAEC strains isolated from controls commonly use zinc-resistant adhesins to form biofilms. Despite of the genetic heterogeneity presented by the tested collection of typical EAEC strains (Figure 7), the zinc cut-off line showed a specificity of 89.4% and predictive positive value of 88.9% when employed as a sorting criterion for diarrhea-associated typical Selleckchem BAY 80-6946 EAEC strains. Discussion Despite controversial data gathered from different geographic areas, epidemiological studies conducted in economically underprivileged communities showed that EAEC strains are strongly associated with persistent diarrhea in children [9]. EAEC is also associated with growth impairment caused by malabsorption that, theoretically, would occur in consequence of thick biofilm formation [37]. Moreover, it has been suggested that unrecognized enteropathogens might be involved in similar pathologic processes [10, 37]. This work showed

that EACF 205 boosted the bacterial adhesion to HeLa cells as well as the biofilm formation when in the presence of typical EAEC strains. Despite the antagonistic behavior displayed by EAEC strains 340-1 (increased adhesion) and 042 (decreased adhesion) when in the presence of EACF 205 (Figure 2B), the overall bacterial adhesion Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) was always increased in the mixed infection assays to HeLa cells. At this time, it is unknown what biological events determine this antagonistic behavior, however, if in fact similar events occur in the human gut, they may influence the outcome of diarrheic processes simply by determining in which proportions the involved species will compose the intestinal microbiota. As demonstrated by settling profile assays, EACF 205 and traA-positive EAEC strains aggregated after inter-specific recognition during the mid-log phase of growth.