Figure 2 Morphological changes of human normal pancreatic beta cells, as detected by AFM. Treated with D-PBS (A1 to A4), high-glucose medium for 1 h (B1 to B4), high-glucose medium for 30 min (C1 to C4), this website check details low-glucose medium for 1 (D1 to D4), low-glucose medium for 30 min (E1 to E4). A1, B1, C1, D1, and E1 show the morphology of the whole cell; A3, B3, C3, D3, and E3 show surface ultrastructures on corresponding cells in images A2, B2, C2, D2, and E2; A4, B4, C4, D4, and E4 show 3D structures of the cells. Figure 3 Morphological changes of IPCs, as detected by AFM. Treated with D-PBS (A1

to A4), high-glucose medium for 1 h (B1 to B4), high-glucose medium for 30 min (C1 to C4), low-glucose medium for 1 h (D1 to D4), low-glucose medium for 30 min (E1 to E4). A1, B1, C1, D1, and E1 show the morphology of the whole cell; A3, B3, C3, D3, and E3 show surface ultrastructures on corresponding cells in images A2, B2, C2, D2, and E2; A4, B4, C4, D4, and E4 show 3D structures of the cells. Table 4 Morphological features of three groups of cells     Normal human pancreatic β cells IPCs Ra (nm) N-glucose 107.05 ± 10.77 30.50 ± 1.61 H-glucose (30 min) 135.05

± 6.46* 41.88 ± 2.38* H-glucose TSA HDAC (1 h) 138.26 ± 11.76* 49.41 ± 7.42* L-glucose (30 min) 115.81 ± 46.86* 30.76 ± 1.29 L-glucose (1 h) 129.99 ± 15.33* 36.58 ± 2.99* Particle size (nm) N-glucose 215 ± 7.9 152 ± 5.7 H-glucose (30 min) 345 ± 9.35* 225 ± 7.9* H-glucose (1 h) 360 ± 8.0* 233 ± 10.4* L-glucose (30 min) 221

± 12.94* 160 ± 7.90 L-glucose (1 h) 229 ± 14.74* 169 ± 9.62 *Compared with N-glucose, the difference was significant, P < 0.05. N, none; H, high; L, low. Observation of cytoskeleton in human normal pancreatic beta cells and IPCs To prove whether exocytosis in IPCs and beta cells was enhanced after glucose stimulation, Adenosine we analyzed the distribution of the cytoskeleton in these two cell populations. IPCs and beta cells were stained with phalloidin-rhodamine in order to visualize the intracellular actin distribution (Figure 4). When both the beta cells and IPCs were not stimulated with glucose, the F-actin network mainly consisted of parallel, dense, and continuous fibers (Figure 4 (A1, B1)). After 30 min or 1 h of glucose stimulation, regardless of concentration, the subcellular distribution of F-actin in beta cells was sparse and disorganized. However, the cortical actin network did not depolymerize in IPCs after 30 min of low-glucose stimulation (Figure 4 (B4)), but did depolymerize after 1 h of stimulation. Our results showed that the distribution of the cortical actin network in IPCs closely resembled that in beta cells. This process suggested that IPCs might have a similar insulin secretion mechanism as normal beta cells. Figure 4 Distribution of F-actin in normal human pancreatic beta cells and IPCs treated with sugar.