EcoRI restriction of extracted plasmid DNA yielded identical fragments of 12.3, 11.5, 7.2, 5.7 and 2.5 kb for all these strains (Fig. 2). This is in agreement with the fragments predicted from in silico restriction of plasmid pXap41, although the predicted smaller fragments of 1105, 805 and 53 bp were not visible on the gel. The total of these three bands corresponds selleck with prior indications of the presence of a 26.7 MDa (Kado & Liu, 1981; Randhawa & Civerolo, 1987). The low copy number of plasmid pXap41 per cell precludes efficient screening of large numbers of strains especially as low amount of plasmid DNA is obtained.

To circumvent this problem, a pXap41-specific multiplex-PCR was established by designing primers targeting genes spread over the plasmid pXap41 and involved in its replication

and mobilization (repA1, repA2 and mobC) (Table 2). The presence of these pXap41-associated genes was tested on a geographically and genetically representative collection of X. arboricola pv. pruni isolates covering the full range of genotypes described in Boudon et al. (2005) and Zaccardelli et al. (1999) with fluorescent amplified fragment length polymorphism and six other X. arboricola pathovars (Table 1). Amplification with all three primer sets designed for plasmid pXap41 was obtained with DNA from all 35 X. arboricola pv. pruni isolates, whereas amplicons were absent for all other X. aboricola pathovars (Table 1, Fig. 3), indicating LY294002 molecular weight the pathovar-level discriminatory power of this PCR method. Having observed that pXap41 carries features that may have biological relevance for X. arboricola pv. pruni, we resolved to evaluate its role by comparing a wild-type strain with one cured of the plasmid. Several attempts were made to cure the plasmid by growth at high temperatures (37 and 45 °C) and also by replacing plasmid pXap41 by a gentamicin construct containing one of the two putative origins of replication. The plasmidic genes offered no simple phenotypic screening option and the recovered colonies were screened using our pXap41-specific multiplex-PCR assay, with all producing the expected amplicons for pXap41 indicating plasmid retention. Although

no postsegregational killing system was identified in pXap41, the Janus kinase (JAK) difficulties encountered with curing may be attributable to the presence of typical plasmid stability and maintenance genes on this recalcitrant plasmid pXap41 (Cusumano et al., 2010). The X. arboricola pv. pruni plasmid pXap41 was only detected in isolates of this pathovar. The presence of a number of putative virulence genes within this plasmid suggests that this plasmid contributes to virulence and/or fitness on Prunus species. Additionally, difficulties in curing this plasmid from its bacterial host, preventing the determination of the role, if any, of this plasmid in Prunus bacterial spot, suggest that this composite plasmid with a mosaic structure is an important feature for its bacterial host.