Drifting gratings with six orientations (12 directions) were presented to examine the orientation selectivity of F+ and F− cells. Response magnitude (ΔF/F) in response to the drifting gratings, orientation selectivity index (OSI; see Experimental Procedures), and tuning width (see Experimental Procedures) was not significantly different between F+ and F− cells (p > 0.1; Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; Figures S2A–S2C). We found that sister cells tended to be tuned to similar orientations. In seven of eight clones that we examined, more than 50% of sister

cells had preferred orientations within 40° of each other. Figure 2 shows a representative experiment. Time courses of calcium indicator during visual stimulation were recorded from OGB-1-loaded cells with two-photon selleck compound microscopy (Figure 2B). Of 142 F+ cells recorded from layers 2–4 (Figure 2A), 111 cells showed a significant response to the ON-01910 in vivo drifting gratings (p < 0.01, ANOVA across 12 directions and a baseline; ΔF/F > 2%; see Experimental Procedures) and 68 cells showed

orientation selectivity (p < 0.01, ANOVA across six orientations). Of these, 28 cells were sharply selective for orientation (tuning width, half width at half maximum < 45°), and we used only these cells for further analyses. More than half (18/28) of these F+ cells preferred gratings with vertical orientation (−5° to +30°; Figure 2B, orange; Figure 3A, top), although ten other F+ cells preferred other orientations (Figure 2B, green), so that more than half

of sister cells were tuned to similar orientations within 35° of each other. However, we found that even the nearby nonclonally related F− cells with sharp orientation selectivity showed PRKACG some bias for preferred orientation (Figure 3A, bottom), as has been reported previously in mouse visual cortex (Ohki et al., 2005 and Kreile et al., 2011). A bias of similar magnitude was also observed in C57BL/6 wild-type mice (Figures S3A and S3B). To precisely quantify this bias in wild-type animals, we repeated these measurements in C57BL/6 wild-type mice (n = 7) under very similar experimental conditions and confirmed that the magnitude of the bias in our transgenic mice (n = 8) is similar to that in C57BL/6 wild-type mice (n = 7) by quantifying the magnitude of the bias with Fourier analysis (p > 0.5; Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; see legend of Figure S3). After pooling histograms from all the examples from transgenic (n = 8) and wild-type (n = 7) mice, the histograms (Figures S3C and S3D) were similar to those previously reported (Kreile et al., 2011). Because local populations in visual cortex can have overall biases in their preferred orientations, a small number of randomly chosen cells can have similar orientation tuning just by chance.