In a sample of 72 children, comprising 40 two-year-olds (older group), with a mean age (Mage) of 278 (.14) and a range (R) of 250-300, and 32 four-year-olds (older group), with a mean age (Mage) of 477 (.16) and a range (R) of 450-500, all residing in Michigan, USA, we investigate this issue. The battery of four established ownership tasks aimed at testing a range of facets related to children's ownership thinking. A Guttman test demonstrated a dependable progression in children's performance, accounting for 819% of their displayed abilities. Our research demonstrated that recognizing well-known, personal possessions took precedence, secondly, determining control permissions as indicative of ownership, thirdly, grasping the concept of ownership transitions, and finally, following the patterns of identical items. From this ordering, two foundational ownership principles emerge on which further reasoning can be developed: the inclusion of information about known owners in a child's mental models of objects, and the acknowledgement that control plays a crucial role in establishing ownership. The observed pattern of development is a significant primary step toward the creation of a structured ownership scale. This research lays the groundwork for charting the conceptual and informational processing requirements (such as executive function and memory) that probably underpin shifts in ownership comprehension throughout childhood. The 2023 PsycINFO database record is protected by the American Psychological Association's copyright.

Our research investigated the growth and changes in how students grasped the numerical value of fractions and decimals throughout the educational span from fourth grade to twelfth grade. Using fraction and decimal magnitude comparison tasks and estimation exercises on 0-1 and 0-5 number lines, Experiment 1 evaluated the rational number magnitude knowledge of 200 Chinese students (92 female and 108 male), from fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, and twelfth grades. Decimal representations of magnitude, showcasing more rapid improvement and an earlier achievement of accuracy, surpassed fractional representations in terms of asymptotic precision. Analyses of individual characteristics indicated a positive association between the precision of decimal and fraction magnitude representations at all developmental stages. During Experiment 2, a supplementary group of 24 fourth-grade students (14 girls and 10 boys) tackled the same tasks, but the compared decimals had differing lengths in their decimal representations. Both magnitude comparison and estimation tasks revealed a persistent advantage for decimal representation, indicating that enhanced decimal accuracy is not exclusive to decimals with equal digit counts, while the presence of unequal decimal digit counts did impact performance on both magnitude comparison and number line estimations. The consequences for pedagogical strategies and the comprehension of numerical advancement are discussed in depth. The rights to this PsycINFO database record from 2023 are completely reserved for the American Psychological Association.

Ten distinct experiments explored the children's (aged 7-11; N = 222, 98 females) perceived and physiological anxiety responses in a performance context, after witnessing another child's similar experience with either a negative or neutral outcome. London, United Kingdom, school catchment areas for the sample exhibited socioeconomic statuses ranging from low to high, with 31% to 49% of students hailing from ethnic minority backgrounds. Study 1 involved participants viewing one of two movie clips of a child playing a straightforward musical instrument, a kazoo. Within a cinematic narrative, a collective of fellow viewers exhibits adverse reactions to the presented performance. The different cinematic production drew a neutral reaction from the audience members. To gauge perceived and actual heart rate, and in conjunction with measuring individual differences in trait social anxiety, anxiety sensitivity, and effortful control, participants were filmed playing the instrument. In order to further analyze the outcomes from Study 1, Study 2 duplicated Study 1's procedures while incorporating a manipulation check and assessing participants' effortful control and self-reported anxiety levels. Children with low effortful control, according to multiple regression analyses of studies 1 and 2, showed a blunted heart rate response when watching a negative performance film compared to a neutral film. Disengagement from performance tasks by children low in effortful control is a potential consequence, as indicated by these findings, if the social context is perceived as highly threatening. The hierarchical regression analyses of Study 2 indicated that a negative performance film, when contrasted with a neutral film, resulted in higher self-reported anxiety levels among the children. An overall summary of the results suggested that anxieties linked to performance contexts can escalate in the wake of observing negative outcomes in peers. The PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved, specifies that this document must be returned.

Repeated words and pauses, common indicators of speech disfluencies, serve as indicators of the underlying cognitive systems that support speech production. Investigating the relationship between aging and speech fluency is therefore crucial for understanding the lifespan robustness of these systems. Older adults have often been thought to display greater disfluency, yet the supporting research is quite meager and presents various conflicting perspectives. It is particularly significant that longitudinal data, which is essential to understanding if disfluency rates in an individual change over time, is missing. Analyzing 325 interviews of 91 individuals, ranging in age from 20 to 94, this longitudinal sequential study examines variations in disfluency rates. Through detailed analysis of the speech of these individuals, we determined the extent to which their communication became more disfluent in subsequent interviews. With the passage of years, individuals exhibited a decreased speech rate and an elevated tendency to repeat words. Older age, however, was not found to be related to other types of speech disfluencies, such as vocal interjections ('uh's and 'um's) and self-corrections. This study suggests that age, in isolation, does not strongly predict the occurrence of speech hesitations; however, age-related variations in certain speech aspects, particularly speech rate and sophistication of vocabulary and sentence structures, in some individuals, predict the emergence of disfluencies over the course of a lifetime. These findings facilitate the resolution of past contradictions within this research area, and subsequently they create the conditions for future experimental studies probing the cognitive mechanisms governing modifications in speech production during the healthy aging process. In 2023, the PsycINFO database record, a product of the APA, possesses all rights.

This subsequent meta-analysis, incorporating the work of Westerhof et al. (2014), further investigates the longitudinal impacts of subjective aging on health and well-being. Investigating various databases (including APA PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus), a systematic search unearthed 99 articles concerning 107 separate research studies. selleck chemicals The participant studies involved a median sample size of 1863 adults, each with a median age of 66 years. A randomized effect meta-analysis demonstrated a noteworthy, minor effect, with a likelihood ratio of 1347, a 95% confidence interval ranging from 1300 to 1396, and a p-value less than 0.001. The scale of this meta-analysis's results mirrors the prior meta-analysis that reviewed 19 studies. Longitudinal studies on the link between SA and health outcomes, while demonstrating high heterogeneity, revealed no discernible differences in effects concerning participants' age, their country's welfare system characteristics (measured by social security maturity), length of follow-up, health outcome type, and study quality. Measures of self-perceptions of aging, encompassing multiple items, demonstrated stronger effects compared to the frequently employed single-item subjective age measures, specifically regarding physical well-being. Our meta-analysis, encompassing five times more studies than the 2014 review, underscores robust yet modest associations between measures of SA and health/longevity across different time periods. selleck chemicals Future investigations should focus on elucidating the pathways that connect stress and health outcomes, as well as exploring possible reciprocal influences. The PsycInfo Database Record, copyright 2023 APA, is being returned with all rights reserved.

Peer relationships are a critical aspect in the substance-use behaviors of adolescents. Hence, decades of research have studied the correlation between substance use and the general level of closeness among adolescents and their peers, which we will refer to as peer bonding.
With varying degrees of success, the endeavor yielded mixed results. To ascertain the impact of operationalizing peer connectedness and substance use on the correlation between them was the objective of this report.
A systematic review procedure was undertaken to locate a comprehensive collection of studies scrutinizing the relationship between peer connectedness and substance use. To empirically evaluate the moderating influence of these variables' operationalization on effect sizes across studies, a three-level meta-analytic regression approach was employed.
A multilevel meta-analytic regression model analysis was performed on 128 studies, part of a larger collection of 147 studies. The methods employed to operationalize peer connectedness spanned a considerable range, incorporating sociometric data collection and self-report questionnaires. Sociometric indices, particularly those related to popularity, exhibited the strongest predictive ability in connection to substance use. selleck chemicals Substance use was not uniformly linked to the extent of friendships, as indicated by sociometric methods and self-reporting.
Adolescents' perception of peer popularity is positively correlated with substance use.