As such, it has been used as a model organism to improve our understanding of H2 metabolism in microalgae and to provide a test bed for different hypotheses to optimize H2 production for commercial applications. The photoproduction of H2 by Chlamydomonas is linked to photosynthesis, whereby light energy

is converted into chemical energy as per the Z scheme (Ghirardi et al. 2009). In short, light absorbed by photosystem II (PSII) click here induces a charge-separated state involving P680+ and Pheophytin− that extracts electrons from water, releasing O2 and protons into the chloroplast lumen. Concomitantly, selleckchem light absorbed by photosystem I generates a strong oxidant P700+ that oxidizes an intermediate electron carrier (usually plastocyanin—PCY); LOXO-101 purchase the electron released from P700 reduces

the electron acceptor ferredoxin (FDX). In linear electron flow (LEF), the electrons originated from PSII are transferred initially to plastoquinone (PQ) and, through a chain of carriers, reduce PCY. The final PSI electron acceptor, FDX, transfers electrons to the ferredoxin-NADP oxidoreductase (FNR) that in turn reduces NADP+ to NADPH, which is then consumed in the CO2 fixation reactions. Under anoxic conditions, FDX is also able to reduce the hydrogenases, catalyzing Adenosine triphosphate the reversible reduction of protons into molecular hydrogen (Florin et al. 2001). There are three known hydrogen production pathways that contribute to H2 metabolism in Chlamydomonas. Two of those are mediated by the photosynthetic electron transfer chain, one being PSII dependent (direct pathway, described above) and the other PSII independent (indirect pathway).

In the latter, reductant released from the glycolytic degradation of glucose are transferred through the enzyme NADP/plastoquinone oxidoreductase (NPQR) directly to the plastoquinone pool, bypassing PSII. On subsequent illumination, electrons are transferred down to the photosynthetic chain, reduce PCY, and are then reenergized by PSI and connected with the hydrogenase as in the direct pathway. Finally, the third H2-production pathway, which is linked to fermentation, is activated under dark anoxia and requires electron transfer from pyruvate to the hydrogenase through the pyruvate-ferredoxin-oxidoreductase (PFR). It is important to note that Chlamydomonas possesses two hydrogenases, HYDA1 and HYDA2 that can evolve H2 under anoxia through all of the three pathways (Meuser et al. 2012). Although the potential energy conversion efficiency from sunlight to H2 by microalgae is theoretically high (about 10 %), H2 production is currently limited by biochemical and engineering constraints.