7 ± 2.5 34.4 ± 2.5     Posta 33.5 ± 3.1 34.6 ± 1.6 34.0 ± 1.7 35.0 ± 1.9 35.1 ± 2.0 35.0 ± 2.3   35°C Pre 32.3 ± 2.8 34.7 ± 2.3 35.6 ± 2.3 35.3 ± 2.2 35.5 ± 3.2 35.5 ± 3.3     Post 32.4 ± 2.5 33.9 ± 2.2 34.4 ± 2.4 35.1 ± 2.3 35.1 ± 2.3 34.5 ± 2.6 RER 10°C Pre 0.87 ± 0.03 0.89 ± 0.03 0.89 ± 0.03 0.88 ± 0.04 0.89 ± 0.04 0.88 ± 0.03     Post 0.91

± 0.05 0.93 ± 0.03 0.92 ± 0.03 0.93 ± 0.03 0.93 ± 0.03 0.92 ± 0.03   35°C Pre 0.87 ± 0.05 0.88 ± 0.03 0.89 ± 0.03 0.88 ± 0.04 0.88 ± 0.05 0.86 ± 0.05     Post 0.88 ± 0.03 0.89 ± 0.03 0.91 ± 0.03 0.91 ± 0.03 0.90 ± 0.03 0.89 ± 0.03 *Note. Values are presented as the mean ± SD. aSignificant difference over time throughout the trial. P-value was set at 0.05. Figure 5 Heart rate (HR) during learn more exercise at 10 and 35°C before (black circles) and after (white circles) supplementation. Data presented as mean ± SD. *Significant difference between pre- and post-supplementation. Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and Thermal Comfort (TC) Over the duration of running conducted at both

10 and 35°C significant (P < 0.05, ANOVA, time effect) increases were detected in RPE (Figure 2) and TC (Figure 3), while no significant differences were found between pre- and post-supplementation trials. Core Temperature Over the duration of running conducted at both 10 and 35°C Tcore increased significantly (P < 0.05, for both, ANOVA, time effect) (Figure 6). During running at 35°C Tcore was significantly lower (P < 0.01, ANOVA, trial effect) in post- than pre- supplementation trial. see more During running at 10°C there was no difference in Tcore between pre- and post-supplementation trials. Figure 6 Core temperature (T core ) during exercise at 10 and 35°C before (black circles) and after (white circles) supplementation. Data presented as mean ± SD. *Significant difference between pre- and post-supplementation. Urine CX-5461 chemical structure Osmolality No significant changes were found in urine osmolality between the pre- (438 ± 306 mOsm·kg-1) and post-supplementation trials

(448 ± 266 mOsm·kg-1). Total Sweat Loss During running at 10°C no significant differences between pre- and post-supplementation trials were observed in sweat loss (Pre: 0.3 ± 0.1 L; Post: 0.3 ± 0.1 L). Similarly, during running at 35°C no significant differences between pre- and post-supplementation trials were observed in Ribonucleotide reductase sweat loss (Pre: 0.7 ± 0.2 L; Post: 0.8 ± 0.2 L). Blood Lactate and Plasma Volume During running at both 10 and 35°C no significant differences were found between pre- and post-supplementation trials in resting concentration of blood lactate. Furthermore, no significant increase in blood lactate was observed over duration of exercise. Additionally, during running at both 10 and 35°C no significant differences were detected between pre- and post-supplementation trials in PV changes. Osmolality Resting serum osmolality did not differ between pre- (268 ± 9 mOsm·kg-1) and post-supplementation (271 ± 19 mOsm·kg-1) trials.