39, p < .01; see Figure 1). Gender was also associated our with tobacco use among khat users. More than two thirds of men reported that they consume tobacco daily while only one third of women said they smoke regularly (��2 = 11.6, p < .01; see Table 1). Within these habitual users, cigarette smoking was more prevalent in men relative to women (��2 = 41.0, p < .001) while waterpipe smoking was more common among women as compared with men (��2 = 22.2, p < .001). Reported consumption of cigarettes per day was greater in men than in women (F(1, 100) = 69.1, p < .001). Tobacco product used during a khat session was different between men and women; relative to their counterparts, the number of cigarettes smoked was greater in men (F(1, 99) = 52.0, p < .001), whereas the number of waterpipe heads smoked was higher among women (F(1, 71) = 51.

8, p < .001). The majority (55%) of men cited that they smoked their first cigarette after breakfast, while 87% of women said that they used it only when they were chewing khat (��2 = 34.9, p < .001). Men were more likely to smoke before they went to bed than women (��2 = 12.2, p < .001). Both men and women mentioned that they had thought about quitting smoking (90%) and had tried quitting smoking in the past (66%). Figure 1. Differences in hours of khat use per typical session between khat-only and concurrent users. Correlational analysis showed associations between tobacco and khat use. Reported number of cigarettes smoked during a typical khat session was inversely related to age of onset of khat use (r = ?.29, p < .

01) but was positively linked to number of hours spent chewing khat per session (r = .26, p < .01), number of times of khat sessions per week (r = .41, p < .001), and number of years of khat use (r = .22, p < .05; see Figure 2). Similar results were obtained between the number of cigarettes per day and frequency of khat use (hours per day, times per week, duration in years; ps < .05). Figure 2. Associations between khat-related variables (age of onset, hours per typical session, times per week, duration in years) and the number of cigarettes consumed during a khat session. Years of smoking was positively correlated with the number of khat use episodes per week (r = .30, p < .01) and number of years of khat use (r = .53, p < .001). Furthermore, gender was associated with the link between tobacco and khat consumption. There was a gender �� smoking status (daily or occasional use) interaction in the number of khat AV-951 sessions per week (F(1, 98) = 18.35, p < .001). One-way ANOVAs conducted separately by gender with Bonferroni corrections indicated that while daily smoking was related to an increase in khat use among women (F(1, 36) = 25.71, p < .