3 Partial IAB can progress to advanced IAB. Progression time from partial IAB to advanced IAB is shorter than that of the normal P-wave to advanced IAB.20 As was previously thought, advanced IAB may

not exclusively be a complete block.21 Risk Factors and Pathophysiology of Interatrial Block Although the exact pathophysiology of impaired interatrial conduction remains largely unknown, some studies have shown intracellular fibrotic changes and metabolic inclusions in tissue from patients with IAB, particularly in the sarcomere and sarcoplasmic reticulum.22 Generally, coronary artery disease, which contributes to atherosclerotic plaque formation and endothelial injury, might lead Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to ischemia-mediated interatrial conduction delay. Thus, cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical hypertension, obesity, smoking, physical inactivity, and increasing age have been identified as risk factors for developing IAB.23  There are also studies that have supported this by showing a significant reduction in P-wave duration after angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction.24 Progressive Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical systemic sclerosis and possibly other autoimmune

disorders may also impair arterial circulation, including in the BB, and lead to the development of IAB.25 Moreover, amyloidosis, lymphoma, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involving the atrial septum, especially its superior portion near the BB, can produce similar interatrial conduction delay (table 1).26,27 Table 1 Risk factors and pathophysiology of interatrial block Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Increased atrial filling pressure and overstretch of the atrium in conditions such as congestive heart failure, valvular disorders, and hypervolemia

may also cause prolonged conduction or unmask already slowed impulse Selleck Estrogen Receptor inhibitor transmission in the interatrial conduction pathways. Since diuretic therapy for these can reduce P-wave duration, this statement is further supported.28 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Potential Outcomes of Interatrial Block Interatrial Block and Left Atrial Size There are a number of significant concerns in patients with IAB. Patients with IAB tend to have increased LA volumes and diameters. These patients have longer left ventricular Doppler A-wave acceleration times and significantly lower Carnitine dehydrogenase LA stroke volumes, LA ejection fractions, and LA kinetic energy (table 2).29,30 Thus, IAB results in both delayed LA activation and delayed atrial contraction and potentially sets the stage for mistimed LA contraction against a closed or closing mitral valve, which results in a rise in LA pressure, increasing LA wall stress, and subsequent LA dilatation.29,31 IAB patients were matched with those who had normal LA and with a control series that included patients with enlarged LA without IAB.