2). A mediation analysis (see Experimental

Procedures) was conducted to study the effect of aberrant rAI FC (“rAI-temporolimbic dysconnectivity”) on the diagnostic difference in the GCA coefficient from rAI to rDLPFC. The diagnostic difference in the rAI to the rDLPFC outflow was significantly mediated by the reduced within-network connectivity in the SN. The mediation model had a significant fit (R2 = 0.18;F[1,71] = 16.1, p = 0.0001; total effect coefficient = 0.076). The diagnosis of schizophrenia had a significant direct effect on the influence from the insula to the DLPFC (direct coefficient (SD) = 0.05 (0.19), p = 0.02). The coefficient representing indirect effect, due to the A-1210477 rAI-temporolimbic dysconnectivity was 0.02 (SD = 0.09), 95% confidence limits from bootstrap test (0.045–0.003, number of simulations = 5,000). Thirty percent of the total effect of the diagnosis on the rAI-DLPFC interaction was explained

by the temporolimbic dysconnectivity. The mediation model tested in the current study is illustrated in Figure S2. Though deficits in brain regions involved in processing stimulus salience and cognitive control have been repeatedly shown in schizophrenia, to our knowledge this is the first study that directly investigates the “causal” relationship between the dysfunctions observed in these two systems. Using Granger causal analysis, we infer that patients with schizophrenia have significantly reduced neural influence from the rAI, a key node in the salience processing system, to the DLPFC, I-BET151 in vivo a crucial node in the executive loop. Further, the most significant abnormality in the influences to and from the DLPFC in patients with schizophrenia involved the nodes of the SN—the dACC and the anterior insula. These observations confirm our primary hypothesis that the interaction

between the paralimbic salience processing system and the multimodal executive system is significantly diminished in schizophrenia (Figure S1). Van Snellenberg et al. (2006) concluded that the magnitude of working why memory performance reduction in schizophrenia is associated with degree of attenuation of DLPFC activation. Inefficient DLPFC recruitment is apparent when the task becomes more challenging (Potkin et al., 2009). It is not simply the failure to recruit frontoparietal systems that is associated with the reduced task performance, but there is a conjoint failure to deactivate or “switch-off” the task-irrelevant DMN system that includes multimodal midline structures such as the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (Nygård et al., 2012) and PCC/precuneus (Hasenkamp et al., 2011), in addition to parahippocampal regions (Whitfield-Gabrieli and Ford, 2012). Successful anticorrelation between these two networks appears crucial for effective task performance, and this anticorrelation is affected in schizophrenia (Whitfield-Gabrieli and Ford, 2012). The SN has been proposed to regulate the two competing brain systems (Seeley et al., 2007 and Sridharan et al., 2008).