18-20 It was thought that the two symptom dimensions could differentiate subtypes of schizophrenia. More recently, statistical methods have been applied to study the clustering of signs and symptoms in schizophrenia. If some features occur together with other symptoms more than is likely than by chance alone, then they might share etiology and/or disease mechanisms. Such studies have revealed two-, three-, four-, and fivefactor models.6,21-26 Table I Signs and symptoms of schizophrenia. Localizing schizophrenic symptoms Once subtypes

of schizophrenia had been defined, researchers attempted to localize the clinical features to distinct brain regions or neural networks. Southard published one Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of the first such Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical models in the 1910s and proposed that temporal lesions (especially left superior temporal gyrus hypoplasia) are associated with auditory hallucinations, parietal atrophy and sclerosis are associated with catatonia, and frontal lobe aplasia or atrophy is associated with delusions.27,28 More recently, the positive and negative symptoms were associated with dysfunction Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical of separate neural networks.29-31 For example, the positive symptoms of schizophrenia have been correlated with temporal lobe abnormalities such as volume reduction and increased blood flow. Conversely, negative symptoms have been associated with decreased prefrontal blood flow. Carpenter and colleagues have

suggested that patients with schizophrenia can be classified as deficit syndrome patients (with enduring negative symptoms that are not due to medication and/or depression) Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and nondeficit patients.32 They have proposed that deficit patients show more frontal lobe deficits than nondeficit patients, but that both subgroups show temporal lobe abnormalities.33 So far, studies have reported differential impairment of cognitive function,34-36 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical brain structure,37 and brain function38 in deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia.39 Localizing the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia

to neural ABT-199 in vitro networks relies on neuroscientific Parvulin models of howbehavior is implemented in the brain. Here we will describe a basic outline of brain-behavior relationships. We will then use this framework to review studies of the neural basis of schizophrenia. The neural basis of psychosis In order to develop models of how the brain gives rise to psychosis, we need to define psychosis. Despite controversy about the relative weight given to positive and negative symptoms in the diagnosis of schizophrenia,2,10 all classification schemes have included two features, hallucinations and delusions. These two symptoms provide the basis for the definition of psychosis as impaired reality testing. The underlying premise in the definition of psychosis is that the brain’s processing of information, derived from the outside world, is perturbed in psychosis.