The elderly stated significantly more frequent consumption of meat and similar vegetable consumption (χ2 test; P<0.04) compared with omnivores. The exercise levels of vegetarians and omnivores were comparable. Vegetarians Cabozantinib molecular weight had 12 ± 62% more and the elderly had 31 ± 21% less 16S rRNA gene relative to absolute quantified genes compared with omnivores (Fig. 2a). Many SCFA-synthesizing bacteria

belong to the Clostridium clusters lV and XlVa. The Clostridium cluster lV (Fig. 2b) was significantly more abundant in omnivores (36.3 ± 11.2%) than in the elderly (27 ± 11.7%, P=0.04) quantified relative to total bacterial 16S rRNA genes. Vegetarians harboured 31.86 ± 17.00% of Clostridium cluster IV. The Clostridium cluster XlVa (Fig. 2c) was significantly more abundant in omnivores (19.01 ± 6.7%, P>0.01) and vegetarians (14.52 ± 5.6%, P=0.049) than in the elderly (9.89

± 6.64%). The elderly had significantly fewer copies (1.52 × 1011± 1.36 × 1010 copies g−1 faeces) of the butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase gene compared with the omnivores (4.96 × 1011± 3.22 × 1010 copies g−1 faeces, P=0.01) and the vegetarians (1.37 × 1012± 1.47 × 1011 copies g−1 faeces, P=0.048) (Fig. 2d). The amount of the butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase gene did not correlate significantly with the amount of total bacteria. The E. hallii/A. coli melt peaks tend to be higher in vegetarians (P=0.08) and omnivores (P=0.09) than in the elderly. Ixazomib Casein kinase 1 The abundance of E. rectale/Roseburia spp. melt peak differed significantly between vegetarians and the elderly (P=0.04). Melt peak attributed to F. prausnitzii was significant lower in the elderly than in omnivores (P=0.049) (Fig. 1a). Spearman’s rank showed no significant correlation between the amount of the butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase gene and that of Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa at an individual level. Analysis of the overall abundance of bacterial 16S rRNA genes reveals that the vegetarians

harboured more bacteria than the omnivores. The low numbers of bacteria in the elderly individuals (Fig. 2a) may reflect physiological alterations such as prolonged colonic transit time, reduced dietary energy requirement and food uptake (Morley, 2007). Figure 2b illustrates the significantly higher abundance of Clostridium cluster IV in omnivores. Mueller et al. (2006) detected the highest levels of the Clostridium cluster IV in a Swedish study population, whose dietary habits were characterized by a high consumption of fish and meat (Mueller et al., 2006). Despite high meat consumption in the elderly, the generally smaller capacity for energy harvest from food may decrease the abundance of Clostridium cluster IV (Li et al., 2008). The elderly gut microbiota is also characterized by a significantly lower relative contribution of Clostridium cluster XIVa compared with young study participants (Fig. 2c).