Since GlialCAM has been described to target MLC1 to cell-cell

junctions (López-Hernández et al., 2011b), we assayed if GlialCAM could also modify ClC-2 localization in the same manner. In HeLa cells, ClC-2 transfected alone was detected at the plasma membrane and intracellularly (Figure 3A). Coexpression with GlialCAM directed the ClC-2 channel to cell-cell contacts (Figures 3B–3D), where both proteins colocalized (data not shown). Localization of ClC-2 together with GlialCAM was observed in long (Figure 3B) or short (Figure 3C) cell-cell contact processes and in extensive contact areas between opposite cells (Figure 3D). Such a http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Trichostatin-A.html clustering was never observed in contacting cells expressing only ClC-2 (Figure 3A). Similar results were observed in HEK293 cells (data not shown). We performed analogous experiments in primary cultures of astrocytes, where both proteins are endogenously expressed. In these cultures, adenoviral-mediated expression of ClC-2 with or without GlialCAM showed that the latter protein was necessary to target ClC-2

to astrocyte-astrocyte processes (compare Figures 3E and 3F). In these junctions, ClC-2 and GlialCAM displayed colocalization (Figures 3F–3H). We next asked whether GlialCAM could modify ClC-2 function. Coexpression of GlialCAM Nivolumab price and ClC-2 in Xenopus oocytes dramatically increased ClC-2-mediated currents ifoxetine and changed their characteristics ( Figure 4A). Initial currents measured at +60 mV were more than 15-fold larger in cells coexpressing ClC-2 and GlialCAM compared to ClC-2 alone. Whereas ClC-2 currents are strongly inwardly rectifying and activate slowly upon hyperpolarization, ClC-2/GlialCAM currents were almost ohmic and displayed time-independent, instantaneously active currents ( Figure 4B). Of note, the apparent inactivation observed sometimes at very negative voltages

is an artifact caused by chloride depletion inside the oocytes. Similar effects of GlialCAM on ClC-2 currents were seen in transfected HEK293 cells, although a residual time-dependent component was present (Figure 4C). Importantly, GlialCAM alone does not induce any significant current in HEK cells or Xenopus oocytes ( Figure S4). Similarly, in transfected cells, ClC-2 steady state currents at +60 mV were dramatically increased by GlialCAM ( Figure 4D). Specificity of the currents was demonstrated by the characteristic block by extracellular iodide ( Gründer et al., 1992 and Thiemann et al., 1992; Figure 4B) and cadmium ( Clark et al., 1998) (data not shown). To test if GlialCAM may alter native ClC-2 currents we performed whole-cell patch-clamp experiments in differentiated rat astrocytes. These cells exhibit typical hyperpolarization-activated ClC-2-like currents that were blocked by iodide (Ferroni et al., 1997 and Makara et al., 2003; Figure 4E).