This deficient polarization was partially prevented when Par6 was overexpressed

together with Smurf1T306A in these developing neurons (Figures 6A and 6B; also see Figure S7A), suggesting the involvements of Par6 in neuronal polarization regulated by Smurf1 phosphorylation. An apparent migration defect in Smurf1T306A-expressing neurons may be a consequence of defective polarization of these neurons. Finally, neurons selleck chemicals expressing shRNA-Smurf1 showed severe defects in polarization and radial migration, with most cells accumulating in IZ/SVZ and exhibiting only short processes (Figure S3). Thus, normal PKA-dependent Smurf1 phosphorylation at Thr306 is required for proper polarity formation and radial migration of newly generated cortical neurons, two tightly linked events during neuronal development in vivo. The effects of Smurf1 phosphorylation on axon/dendrite differentiation were also examined in cultured hippocampal neurons, which were transfected 4 hr after plating with Smurf1WT, Smurf1C699A, Smurf1T306A, or Smurf1T306D and examined at 5 DIV for their polarization phenotypes. We found that the percentage of single axon (SA) cells among

Smurf1WT-expressing neurons was comparable to that found in nontransfected (control) neurons (Figures 6C and 6D). However, expression of either Smurf1T306A or Smurf1T306D significantly reduced the SA population, similar to that found for the ligase-deficient Smurf1C699A INCB018424 cell line (Figures 6C and 6D). Notably, for the remaining populations, Smurf1T306A expression greatly increased the no-axon (NA) population and shortened the neurite length, while the Smurf1T306D expression increased the multiple-axon (MA) population and neurite length (Figure 6C−6E). We also noted that neurons expressing shRNA-Smurf1 exerted similar growth and polarity defects as that of Smurf1C699A and Smurf1T306A (Figure S7B), and this phenotype was reduced by overexpression of Par6 (Figure S7B), suggesting that the increased Par6/RhoA ratio could partially prevent the polarization and growth defects due to downregulation of Smurf1 or its activity. These in vitro

results again support the idea that Smurf1 Thr306 phosphorylation contributes to neuronal Electron transport chain polarization by promoting axon formation. The above results showed that BDNF/db-cAMP induced Smurf1 phosphorylation at Thr306 (Figure 3) and this phosphorylation is sufficient for Smurf1′s action in promoting axon formation (Figure 6). We further inquired whether Thr306 phosphorylation of Smurf1 is required for BDNF-induced axon initiation on striped substrates by transfecting hippocampal neurons with Smurf1WT or one of its mutated forms 4 hr after plating. We analyzed the percentage of SA, MA, and NA cells and the distribution of the axon initiation site on the soma for all transfected neurons with their somata located at the stripe boundary on 3 DIV (Figure 7).