To accomplish this, we utilized an intersectional genetic approach to selectively label TH+ neurons in the VTA that project to the LHb. We bilaterally injected the LHb of TH-Cre click here mice with a retrogradely transducing herpes simplex virus ( Chaudhury et al., 2013) encoding a Cre-inducible flippase recombinase (flp) under control the of an Ef1α promoter fragment (HSV-EF1α-LS1L-flp) ( Figure S1 available online; see Supplemental Experimental Procedures for more detail) ( Kuhlman and Huang, 2008). In the same surgery, we bilaterally injected a flp-inducible ChR2-eYFP

(AAV5-EF1α-fdhChR2(H134R)-eYFP; a construct designed with the same structure as the Cre-inducible viral construct coding for ChR2 ( Tsai et al., 2009) into the VTA ( Figure 1G). This resulted in the selective labeling of the somas and processes of VTA TH+ neurons that project to the LHb. If THVTA-LHb neurons collateralize to other target regions, we would expect to see eYFP+ fibers in these regions as well as the LHb. However, 6 weeks following this procedure, we observed eYFP+ fibers in the LHb, but not in other terminal regions of VTA dopaminergic neurons, such as the medial prefrontal cortex http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Pazopanib-Hydrochloride.html (mPFC), NAc, basolateral amygdala (BLA), or bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) ( Figures 1G and S1; n = 6 slices

from n = 3 mice), suggesting that THVTA-LHb neurons only project to the LHb and do not send collaterals to these other target structures. Additionally, in a separate group of TH-Cre mice, we bilaterally injected the HSV-EF1α-LS1L-flp virus into the NAc and the AAV5-EF1α-fdhChR2(H134R)-eYFP virus into the VTA. In these mice, we observed eYFP+ fibers in the NAc, but not in the LHb ( Figure S1, n = 6 slices from n = 3 mice). To further confirm that THVTA-LHb neurons are anatomically distinct from NAc-projecting VTA dopaminergic

Oxymatrine neurons (THVTA-NAc), and to provide an anatomical map of these discrete populations within the VTA, we performed retrograde tracing by injecting red fluorescent beads into the NAc and green fluorescent beads into the LHb of the same C57/BL6J wild-type mice ( Figure 1H). Three weeks following surgery, VTA sections were collected and immunostained for TH. We found that THVTA-LHb neurons were located in anterior and medial regions, congregating mainly in the interfasicular nucleus, whereas THVTA-NAc neurons were generally located more posterior and lateral ( Figure 1I). Additionally, we observed significantly more THVTA-NAc neurons than THVTA-LHb neurons throughout the VTA ( Figure 1I). Supporting our viral tracing data, we detected no TH+ neurons that expressed both red and green retrobeads in the VTA. Collectively, these data demonstrate that THVTA-LHb and THVTA-NAc neurons are completely separate neuronal populations.