GIPC interacts specifically with another RGS protein, GAIP, which exerts GTPase function through direct, interactions on activated (GTPbound) form of G proteins to limit their lifetime and terminate signaling. Park et al19 have shown a correlation of PAR-4 with depressive symptoms in animal models. Although no data was reported in relation to schizophrenia, the regulation of D2 activity by PAR-4 might, show relevance in near future. Actin-binding proteins Spinophilin Spinophilin was first,

described in 1997 as a novel F-actin and protein phosphatase-1 binding protein localized Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to dendritic spines.42 It, possesses a single PDZ domain, and was identified as a protein that specifically associates with the third cytoplasmic loop of the D2 receptors.43 The binding site with D2 is distinct, from that for PPI, meaning that, spinophilin can bind both at the same time. It was also recently reported that spinophilin antagonizes arrestin-stabilized receptor phosphorylation through blocking Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical G-protein receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) association

with receptor-G β-γ complexes, reducing receptor endocytosis.39 This effect, is similar Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to that reported for NCS-1,16 Spinophilin was implicated in schizophrenia by a study showing that its expression levels were reduced in hippocampus of schizophrenic patients; however, the changes were not, Selleck Fasudil specific for schizophrenia, being similar to those found in mood disorder patients.44 However, Clinton et al45 showed contradictory data where spinophilin Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical transcripts was increased in brains of schizophrenic patients, along with confirmation of increased levels of calcyon. ABP-280; filamin A Another actin-binding protein-280 (ABP-280) or filamin A is a abundant cytoplasmic protein that has an actinbinding domain at its N terminus. It was shown that ABP-280 can interact with several GPCRs, including with the 3i loop of the D2 short and long isoforms of the D2 and with the D3. However, it does not interact Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical with the D4 or D1 3i loops. In cells lacking

ABP-280 the ability of the D2 to inhibit, forskolin-stimulatcd cAMP accumulation is significantly reduced, although the receptor affinities for agonists and antagonists were not altered.46,47 It is interesting to notice that ABP-280 and spinophilin bind to the same region (third intracellular loop of D2 receptors). However, no differences in ABP-280 expression out were found in cortex from schizophrenic patients compared with controls.14 AKT/GSK3 pathway and dopaminergic signal The human V-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog AKT1 and AKT12 genes are mammalian protooncogenes of a viral oncogene known as V-AKT, related to leukemia in mice.48 Latter studies have found that the proteins codified by these genes were related to protein kinases A and C (PKA and PKC).