9% (Table 2). Compared with participants who did not have peripheral artery disease, participants with peripheral artery disease kinase inhibitor Tipifarnib were more likely to be women, older, less educated, Black, and either former or current smokers. They were also more likely to have a lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), diabetes mellitus or hypertension, and higher serum cotinine and blood cadmium concentrations (Table 2). Table 2. Participant Characteristics by the Presence or Absence of PAD Peripheral Artery Disease After adjustment for demographics and risk factors for cardiovascular disease, the odds ratios for peripheral artery disease were 1.98 (95% CI: 1.41, 2.79), 5.23 (95% CI: 3.40, 8.04), and 3.36 (95% CI: 1.86, 6.10) for former, nonmenthol, and menthol smokers, respectively, compared to never-smokers (Table 3, Model 2).

Further adjustment for pack-years of smoking and serum cotinine attenuated the odds ratios for peripheral artery disease to 1.44, 3.65, and 2.51 for former, nonmenthol, and menthol smokers, respectively, compared to never-smokers (Table 3, Model 3). We observed no significant difference in the association between smoking and peripheral artery disease for current smokers of nonmenthol and menthol cigarettes (p value for heterogeneity = .59). Adjustment for blood cadmium concentrations attenuated the odds ratios for peripheral artery disease by 6%, 25%, and 28% for former, nonmenthol, and menthol smokers, respectively, compared to never-smokers (Table 3, Model 4) Table 3.

Odds Ratios (95% CI) of Periphery Artery Disease (PAD) by Smoking Status After adjustment for demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, and serum cotinine, the odds ratios for peripheral artery disease were 2.35 (95% CI: 1.54, 3.59) and 0.74 (95% CI: 0.51, 1.07), respectively, for Black participants and for participants of other races compared to those for White participants (Table 4, Model 3). After further adjustment for current menthol cigarette smoking, the odds ratio for peripheral artery disease for Blacks increased to 2.47 (95% CI: 1.62, 3.77), with no change for other races compared to White participants (Table 4, Model 4). Table 4. Odds Ratios (95% CI) of Periphery Artery Disease (PAD) by Race/Ethnicity DISCUSSION In a representative sample of U.S.

adults who participated in NHANES 1999�C2004, we found increased odds of peripheral artery disease for former and current smokers compared to never-smokers, with no difference in risk between current menthol and nonmenthol cigarette smokers. Adjustment for blood cadmium concentrations attenuated the association between current smoking and peripheral artery disease similarly for Cilengitide smokers of menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes, suggesting that it contributes similarly for both types of cigarette smokers. Smoking is known to be a major risk factor for peripheral artery disease (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2004).