The whey/casein difference has not been found universally When t

The whey/casein difference has not been found universally. When taken in immediately after resistance exercise, whey and casein resulted in equally

increased protein synthesis despite temporal Talazoparib chemical structure differences in postprandial insulin and amino acid concentrations.197 Milk-derived proteins (whey, casein) were both more efficient for improving muscle protein anabolism than soy proteins.198 Studies are therefore needed to ascertain whether such benefits are characteristic of milk proteins or are more generally related to animal versus plant differences. Taken together, research findings generally suggest that “fast” proteins provide greater benefit to muscle protein accretion than do “slow” proteins. However, evidence

from small experimental trials needs to be LDE225 datasheet confirmed in larger patient populations before precise recommendations can be made on the choice of “fast” versus “slow” proteins.29 and 63 Based on the concept of “rate-limiting” amino acids, the idea was born to enrich the daily diet or specific food with amino acids. Furthermore, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), including leucine, are now thought to have specific positive effects on signaling pathways for muscle protein synthesis.28 The addition of a mixture of BCAA to the nutritional support of severely ill patients increased muscle protein synthesis in different settings.28, 199 and 200 Although the BCAA leucine has been proposed as a promising pharmaconutrient Montelukast Sodium for prevention and treatment of sarcopenia, results of nutritional intervention studies are not consistent regarding the clinical efficacy of leucine in healthy, active older men.24, 28, 201 and 202 Moreover, no data are available today for older people who are inactive or ill. β-HMB is a metabolite of leucine with multiple modes of action. β-HMB has been widely used by athletes to improve performance.203 Combining exercise training with β-HMB supplementation leads to increased muscle mass and

strength in young persons, but this has not been shown in older persons. A recent review stated that β-HMB may attenuate muscle loss and increase muscle mass and strength in older people and in specific clinical populations (AIDS and cancer).177Although the number of β-HMB studies in older people remains limited, results of a recent study demonstrated that β-HMB supplementation preserved muscle mass during 10 days of bed rest in healthy older adults (age range 60 to 75 years).204 Creatine is a guanidine-derived compound naturally synthesized in the human body using several amino acids (arginine, glycine, methionine) as precursors. Creatine is also sourced from meat in the diet; dietary creatine intake depends on daily food choices. In the body, creatine is mostly stored in skeletal muscle because it is needed to synthesize and maintain adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels for muscle contraction.

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