g. that the person’s alcohol use leads to serious problems with his or her family and employer, is closely linked to depressive Gemcitabine FDA episodes and driving under the influence of alcohol. Of course, the treatment plan will also have to deal with the amphetamine use since IV use has severe consequences for a person’s physical health. In case several substances are equally causing the person problems, the clinician also has the possibility to indicate “multiple drugs” as primary drug.
The two-month mass media campaign in Belgium on drug and alcohol consumption “Alcohol and other drugs. The facts and fictions” initiated in January 2008 has been evaluated shortly after by a phone survey. This article reports some indicators on the public awareness of the campaign, and the differences in the perception according to age groups and education levels.

About 1,000 respondents (n = 1,002) accepted to participate in the campaign evaluation. Response rate is 37.1%. Global perception of the campaign – measured by the capacity to identify the campaign adequately – is 18.8%. This perception varies between age groups and education levels: 30% of the youngest age group (14-35 yrs) have seen the campaign, 13% of people aged 56 and over (p<0.001). The lower the education level, the lower the probability to have seen the campaign (11% in the lowest group, 25% in the highest one, p<0.001). Among the respondents who have seen the campaign, newspapers are the most often cited media for the oldest age groups. Inversely, young people have mainly identified the campaign on street boards or on post cards.

The privileged type of media is also function of the education level. People belonging to the lowest educational level report more often to have seen the campaign on TV (85% vs 51% in the highest group, p<0.01), while the reverse is true for seeing the campaign via the newspapers or the street boards. The results indicate that there are socio-economic variations in the perception of the campaign. In health promotion, reaching lower socio-economic groups still remains a real challenge. Channels for such campaigns have to be carefully chosen to reach their target groups and ask to be complemented with community based interventions. Introduction A two-month Belgian information campaign was launched in January 2008 by iDA (a Belgian non-profit organization on information on Drugs and Alcohol). This campaign was initiated through mass media, and called: "Alcohol and other drugs. The facts and fictions". This campaign aimed to initiate Anacetrapib reflection and discussion about drug and alcohol consumption in the general population first, but young people and their parents in particular.

1%), this difference was statistically significant as well (COR=3.50, 95% CI 2.16�C6.01) for unemployed as compared to their counterpart. Moreover, the association remained statistically significant after controlling for other variables (AOR=3.60, 95% CI 1.63?7.76). In the same way, moderately poor economic status was http://www.selleckchem.com/products/AP24534.html found to be protective factor of malnutrition (AOR=0.40, 95% CI 0.14�C 0.95). Clinical factors associated with malnutrition WHO clinical stage four was found to have a statistically significant association with malnutrition (COR=7.0, 95% CI 2.13?23.01). Independent of all other variables, the result was remained an important risk factor for malnutrition (AOR=12.90, 95% CI 2.49?15.25). Those who had poor adherence to HAART in the past six month had a higher risk of developing malnutrition and was statistically significant (COR=3.

2, 95% CI 1.41?7.33) although controlling for all other independent variables nullified the association (AOR=1.40, 95% CI 0.41?4.65). In spite of the fact that the proportion of malnutrition was higher; (20.5%) among those with severe CD4 cell count and (12.8%) among those in the mild and (9.9%) among those in moderate CD4 cell count category, the association was not statistically significant. The bivariate analysis has revealed the crude odds ratios of (COR=1.80, 95% CI 0.85?3.61) and (COR=0.80, 95% CI 0.40?1.41) for severe and moderate CD4 cell count, respectively. Number of previous opportunistic infections (OIs) showed a significant association with malnutrition after fully adjusting it for all variables.

Being having one diagnosis of previous OI had a higher risk for developing malnutrition (AOR=3.10, 95% CI 2.06�C5.46) and having two or more diagnoses of OIs further increases the likelihood (AOR=4.50, 95% CI 3.38�C10.57) of malnutrition as compared to those with no previous diagnosis of OIs in the past 6 month. Likewise, independent of all other variables gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) had significant association with malnutrition. Those patients with one or more GIS had a higher risk of developing malnutrition (AOR=5.30, 95% CI 2.56?10.78) as compared to those with no GIS. Discussion Meta-analysis from 11 sub-Saharan African countries indicated that the prevalence of malnutrition in Ethiopia among HIV-infected women was 13.2% [4].

It is a bit lower than the prevalence proportion of women��s malnutrition in this study (16%), confirming malnutrition is an important concern in the management of HIV- infected patients. Malnutrition (under nutrition) is more common in developing countries, where patients are often not diagnosed or do not commence ART until they Batimastat have advanced disease. Ominously, the HIV epidemic itself may be contributing to food insecurity at a population level [9]. On the other hand, in comparison to other studies, the overall prevalence of malnutrition in this study is lower than the finding from Botswana [2] which was 28.